World Agroforestry Centre | agroforestree database 4.0

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This database provides detailed information on a total of 670 agroforestry tree species. It is intended to help field workers and researchers in selecting appropriate species for agroforestry systems and technologies.

For each species, the database includes information on identity, ecology and distribution, propagation and management, functional uses, pests and diseases and a bibliography.

This project has been funded by the British Department for International Development (DFID, the European Union and the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF).

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Acacia catechu	Poison: The bark is said to be toxic and contains an alkaloid and both fruit and stem are used in Myanmar to poison fish.
Acacia erioloba	Poison: The prussic acid that is sometimes present in the pods and foliage may poison animals.
Acacia karroo	Poison: Roots are placed in fowl runs to control external parasites.
Acacia melanoxylon	Poison: The wood contains acamelin and 2,6-dimethoxyl-4 benzoquinone that cause may allergic contact dermatitis and bronchial asthma in people working with the wood.
Acacia mellifera	Poison: The poison with which Bushmen tip their arrows is often made from a powdered grub mixed with the sap of A. mellifera.
Acacia nilotica subsp nilotica	Poison: The aqueous extract of the fruit, rich in tannin (18-23%), has shown algicidal activity against Chroccoccus, Closteruim, Coelastrum, Cosmarium, Cyclotella, Euglena, Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Pediastrum, Rivularia, Spirogyra and Spirulina.
Acacia polyacantha ssp. polyacantha	Poison: The smell of the tree is useful repellent against snakes and crocodiles.
Acacia seyal	Poison: The smoke produced by burning the wood of A. seyal acts as a fumigant against insects and lice. Chemicals in the bark of A. seyal kill the freshwater snails that carry bilharzia parasites and algae growing in ponds. Methanolic extracts from the bark of A. seyal applied to ponds display agricidal properties. Molluscidal properties have been demonstrated with spray-dried powder of ethyl extracts, which are effective against schistomiasis vectors Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Bulinus truncatus.
Acacia sieberiana	Poison: The leaves contain large quantities of prussic acid at certain times, especially when wilted, and have been known to cause death in cattle.
Acacia tortilis	Poison: A. tortilis is a powerful molluscicide and algicide; in Sudan, fruits are placed in fish ponds to kill the snail species that carry schistosomiasis, without affecting the fish.
Adansonia digitata	Poison: The bark is boiled for days to extract a substance poisonous to ants. Fruit pulp burns with an acrid, irritating smoke that can be used to deter insects troublesome to livestock.
Adenanthera pavonina	Poison: Raw seeds are poisonous.
Aegle marmelos	Poison: The leaves are said to cause abortion and sterility in women. The bark is used as a fish poison in the Celebes. Tannin, ingested frequently and in quantity over a long period of time, is antinutrient and carcinogenic. Leaf extract from A. marmelos has been found to have insecticidal activity against the brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål), an important pest of rice plant in Asia.
Ailanthus altissima	Poison: Leaves are toxic to domestic animals and gardeners who fell the tree may suffer rashes. The odour of the foliage is intensely disagreeable and can cause headache and nausea, rhinitis and conjunctivitis. The pollen can cause hay fever. Plant parts steeped in water are said to yield an insecticidal solution.
Albizia amara	Poison: It is alleged that the seeds are poisonous.
Albizia anthelmintica	Poison: A tri- and tetra-saccharide from A. anthelmintica, having triterpene prosthetic groups possess potent molluscicidal activity.
Albizia chinensis	Poison: The bark contains triterpenes which have spermicidal activity. An extract of the wood has repellent property to subterranean termites.
Albizia coriaria	Poison: Molluscicidal activity is shown by bark extracts of A. coriaria. Chemical analysis of the extracts indicates the active ingredients are tannins. However, use of A. coriaria is not recommended on large scale because of its low potency compared to Endod (Phytolacca dodecandra).
Albizia ferruginea	Poison: The bark is reportedly poisonous.
Albizia julibrissin	Poison: Toxic amino acids in the seeds repelled or killed larvae of the polyphagous pest Prodenia eridania (Noctuidae). Crude saponin fraction of stem bark of A. julibrissin demonstrated cytotoxicity.
Albizia procera	Poison: The pounded bark is used as a fish poison, and the leaves are known to have insecticidal and piscicidal properties. The seeds contain proceranin A, which is toxic to mice and rats when administered parenterally and orally; the interperitoneal LD50 for mice is 15 mg/kg body weight. Hydrocyanic acid has been identified as occurring in the tree.
Albizia versicolor	Poison: Young pods can cause poisoning of cattle and sheep, resulting in a condition termed albiziosis. Outbreaks of this disease occur in late winter or early spring when pods are blown from the trees. Poisoned animals can be treated with high dosages of vitamin B6.
Aleurites moluccana	Poison: Seeds are moderately poisonous. The oil cake, containing about 46% protein, is said to be poisonous.
Alstonia boonei	Poison: The latex is dangerous to the eyes and can cause blindness.
Anacardium occidentale	Poison: One of the components of the bark gum acts as a vesicant and has insect repellent properties.
Andira inermis	Poison: Bark and seeds are reported to be poisonous. A. inermis is a tree traditionally providing insecticide and piscicide.
Annona cherimola	Poison: The seeds are crushed and used as insecticide. Blindness can result from the juice of the crushed seeds coming in contact with the eyes. The seeds contain several alkaloids: caffeine, ( + )-reticuline, (-)-anonaine, liriodenine, and lanuginosine. Human ingestion of 0.15 g of the dark-yellow resin isolated from the seeds produces symptoms resembling the effects of atropine. . Mixed with grease, powdered seeds are used to kill lice. The twigs possess the same alkaloids as the seeds plus michelalbine. 8 alkaloids have been reported in the leaves: ( + )-isoboldine, (-)-stepholidine, ( + )-corytuberine, ( + ) nornantenine, ( + )-reticuline, (-)-anonaine, liriodenine, and lanuginosine.
Annona muricata	Poison: Powder of dried leaves and sap from fresh ones are useful in destroying vermin. A powder or oil from the seeds has been used to kill lice and bedbugs. All tree parts have insecticidal properties and can be used, with fruit as bait, to kill fish.
Annona reticulata	Poison: The seeds are so hard that they may be swallowed whole with no ill effects but the kernels are very toxic. The seeds, leaves and young fruits are insecticidal. The leaf juice kills lice. The bark contains 0.12% anonaine. Sap from cut branches is acrid and irritant and can severely injure the eyes. The root bark has yielded 3 alkaloids: anonaine, liriodenine and reticuline (muricinine).
Annona senegalensis	Poison: An effective insecticide is obtained from the bark.
Annona squamosa	Poison: Green fruits, seeds and leaves have effective vermicidal and insecticidal properties.
Anthocephalus cadamba	Poison: The flowers exhibit slight anti-implantation activity in test animals. Kadam extracts exhibit nematicidal effects on Meloidogyne incognita.
Antiaris toxicaria	Poison: Used with Strychnos ignatii, A. toxicaria latex is an important component in the manufacture of dart and arrow poisons whose active components are cardenolides and alkaloids (chemicals with cardiac arresting potential). The sawdust may cause skin irritation and stomach pain.
Antidesma bunius	Poison: The bark contains a toxic alkaloid. The heavy fragrance of the flowers, especially the male, is very obnoxious to some individuals.
Areca catechu	Poison: The arecanut decoction as well as arecoline and its salts have been found to be effective on various helminth infections such as those caused by Taenia spp.
Arenga pinnata	Poison: The roots of A. pinnata are a useful insect repellent.
Artemisia annua	Poison: Pollen is extremely allergenic
Artocarpus altilis	Poison: In Vanuatu and Hawaii the dried, hard flowers are burned as mosquito repellent.
Artocarpus camansi	Poison: Dried male flowers can be burned to repel mosquitoes and other flying insects.
Artocarpus mariannensis	Poison: Dried male flowers can be burned to repel mosquitoes and other flying insects.
Asimina triloba	Pesticide: White waxy compound highly concentrated in the bark, twigs, fruit, seeds has insecticidal properties and has been used to poison pests.
Azadirachta excelsa	Poison: The plant parts are insecticidal. The active principle marrangin (azadirachtin L) has multiple effects on the development of insects.
Azadirachta indica	Poison: Azadirachtin has been identified as A. indica’s principal active compound. Extracts can be made from leaves and other tissues, but the seeds contain the highest concentrations of the compound. In India, some Neem-based pesticides include Azadi, Fortune Azadi, Godrej Achook, Margocide, Neemarin, Repelin and Nimbecidine. It acts as an insect repellant, inhibiting feeding, and disrupting insect growth, metamorphosis and reproduction. Formulations based on A. indica do not usually kill insects directly but alter their behaviour in significant ways to reduce pest damage to crops, and reduce their reproductive potential. Azadirachtin affects insect physiology by mimicking a natural hormone. It has been shown to affect egg production and hatching rates. Azadirachtin can inhibit moulting, preventing larvae from developing into pupae. Many foliage-feeding species avoid plants treated with neem compounds or cease eating after ingesting the neem. Its has proven effective as an antifeedant on about 100 insect species. Thus the extracts work especially well to protect plants from defoliation without affecting beneficial pollinating insects like honeybees. Overall tests of neem extracts have shown results on about 300 insect species, mostly in orders Coleoptera (beetles and weevils); Dictyoptera (cockroaches and mantids); Diptera (flies); Heteroptera (true bugs); Homoptera (aphids, leaf hoppers wasps and ants); Isoptera (termites); Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies); Orthoptera (grasshoppers, katydids); Siphonaptera (fleas); and Thysanoptera (thrips). Crudely produced neem extracts can also provide excellent control on caterpillars and beetle larvae. A traditional agricultural practice involves the production of ‘neem tea’. The seeds are dried, crushed and soaked in water overnight to produce a liquid pesticide that can be applied directly to crops. Crushed seed kernels are also used as a dry pesticide application, especially to control stem borers on young plants. These homemade remedies are often very effective in repelling pests or acting on insects as a feeding deterrent. The strength of homemade preparations can vary due to the concentration of azadirachtin and other compounds in the seed, which can in turn depends on the genetic source of the seeds. It can also be affected by the process of handling and drying the seeds, contaminants in the water, and exposure to high temperatures or sunlight. The active compounds break down quickly, so an application of neem tea generally provides protection for only about 1 week. Neem extracts may have toxic effects on fish and other aquatic wildlife and on some beneficial insects. Therefore, care should be taken that any unused extracts are disposed of by exposing them to heat or sunlight to break down the active compounds.
Balanites aegyptiaca	Poison: An emulsion made from the fruit or bark is lethal to the freshwater snails that are the host of miracidia and cercaria stages of bilharzia and to a water flea that acts as a host to the guinea worm. A fish poison can be obtained from the fruit, root and the bark. The active agent of the poison is saponin. The compound is toxic to fish but does not affect mammals and rapidly becomes inert, so that fish retrieved are edible. However, in the Fada region of Cote d’Ivoire, the poison is reported to damage the sight of fishermen after they have used it for 5-6 years.
Barringtonia racemosa	Poison: Seeds of the species contain saponins, which are used as a fish poison; the whole fruit, bark, wood and root can be used. Extracts of the plant have proved effective against Citrus aphis; in Bengal the seed is used as an insecticide, and to poison people; coconut is said to be the antidote.
Bixa orellana	Poison: A waxy substance that has paralytic action on mammalian intestinal parasites is present in the seed coat. Bixin extracted from the seed coat is used in India as an insect repellent.
Blighia sapida	Poison: While its popularity has never faltered, the fruit killed around five thousand Jamaicans between 1886 and 1950. Consumers of the unripe fruit sometimes suffer from 'Jamaican vomiting sickness syndrome' (JVS) allegedly caused by the unusual amino acid components, hypoglycin A and B. Levels of hypoglycin A in the arilli peak at maturity but rapidly diminish to non-detectable levels in the opened fruit making it safe for consumption. Although JVS has resulted in some fatalities in the past with symptoms including vomiting and severe hypoglycaemia, nowadays such incidences are rare with the increased awareness of the necessity for consuming only ripe, opened fruits. The rind contains saporin and may be used to poison fish so that they will be rendered easier to catch. The seeds, aril, and oily stalk are highly poisonous. If seeds are swallowed, sudden and violent vomiting occurs, followed by convulsions, coma and death. Because of its potential danger, the Jamaican government has banned the fruit canning for export.
Bombax costatum	Poison: B. costatum extracts exhibit molluscicidal activity.
Boscia senegalensis	Poison: The leaves are used to protect stored food against parasites in granary. Leafless twigs contain glucosinalates, which can hydrolyze to mustard oils, which are highly toxic and irritant to mucous membranes.
Butea monosperma	Poison: Seeds show bactericidal and fungicidal activities.
Byrsonima crassifolia	Poison: Fresh branches are cut into small pieces and thrown into streams to stupefy fish; or they are crushed at the edge of shallow waters so that the juice spills into the water, for the same effect.
Caesalpinia spinosa	Poison: The pods have high tannin content and may be lethal if consumed in large quantities by animals.
Calophyllum inophyllum	Poison: The leaves, containing saponin and hydrocyanic acid, are poisonous to fish. The latex is rich in complex coumarin derivatives, some of which are piscicidal, while others are insecticidal. A considerable variety of xanthones is found in the wood and bark. One of the xanthones, called jacareubin, is nearly always present in Calophyllum but is extremely rare outside this genus.
Calotropis procera	Poison: The bark and the latex are widely used as arrow and spear poisons. The latex is cardiotoxic with the active ingredient being calotropin. Latex of C. procera is 80% effective in inhibiting the activity of the tobacco mosaic virus. The leafy branches are said to deter ants.
Canarium schweinfurthii	Poison: The resin is used as a fumigant against mosquitoes.
Capparis tomentosa	Poison: Roots of the species are very poisonous.
Carapa guianensis	Poison: Seed oil has insecticidal properties.
Carissa congesta	Poison: A paste of the pounded roots serves as a fly repellant.
Carissa edulis	Poison: In Kenya, a piece of the root is fixed into a hut roof as a snake repellent.
Casimiroa edulis	Poison: The seed is said to be fatally toxic if eaten raw by humans or animals. Extractions from the kernels are an attractive and lethal bait for American cockroaches, having the advantage of killing on the spot rather than at some distance after ingestion of the poison.
Castanospermum australe	Poison: Black bean seeds contain toxic saponins which are reportedly toxic to a serious pest of stored grain, Callosobruchus analis (Rahila-Tabassum et al.1994).
Celtis australis	Poison: Extracts are used as vermifuge.
Cinnamomum tamala	Poison: Four essential oils of C. tamala screened for fungicidal activity against F. moniliforme [Gibberella fujikuroi], a postharvest fungal pathogen of cereal crops were effective in inhibiting fungal growth. Activity of the four oils increased with concentration. C. tamala essential oil exhibited fungitoxicity against A. flavus and A. parasiticus at 3000 ppm and 1000 ppm, respectively. The fungitoxic property of the oil was not affected by temperature, autoclaving or storage.
Coffea arabica	Poison: C. arabica seeds contain caffeine, which has been described as a natural herbicide, selectively inhibiting germination of seeds of Amaranthus spinosus.
Commiphora myrrha	Poison: This herb is contraindicated during pregnancy because of its emmenagogic activity. It is advisable to dilute myrrh before use and administer moderate doses. Allergic reactions have been observed.
Commiphora wightii	Poison: Some adverse side-effects reported on taking guggul are mild diarrhea and nausea. It may possibly raise bilirubin levels, cause hemolysis of blood, hepatitis, and obstruction of the biliary tract. But these side effects need to be confirmed.
Copaifera langsdorfii	Poison: It creates an irritant action on the whole mucous membrane, causes an eruption resembling measles attended with irritation and tingling.
Cordeauxia edulis	Poison: Freshly picked seeds are roasted or boiled and used to kill insects.
Cordia dichotoma	Poison: Fruit extract of C. dichotoma suppresses larval hatching of Meloidogyne incognita.
Crossopteryx febrifuga	Poison: Betulic acid, isolated from the stem bark; showed cytotoxicity against a human colon carcinoma cell line. The bark is used by South African witchdoctors for ordeal trials.
Crotalaria juncea	Poison: The seeds of many Crotalaria species contain toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Trichodesmine is the principal toxic alkaloid in C. juncea. The seeds are reported to contain trypsin inhibitors; they are said to be poisonous to cattle, and they can poison both horses and pigs.
Croton macrostachyus	Poison: Seeds and resin are poisonous.
Croton sylvaticus	Poison: The bark is used as fish poison.
Dalbergia sissoo	Poison: Dalbergia sissoo is reported to have pesticidal properties. Aqueous extracts from the leaves, stems and roots inhibit the reproduction, growth and development of the insect pest Utethesia pulchella. Mixed with Azadirachta indica oil cake, sawdust from D. sissoo reduces egg laying and increases larval mortality in Melodogyne javanica. Methanol extract from the roots has insecticidal properties, especially against Diacrisia obliqua, Spodoptera litura and Argina cubrania.
Derris elliptica	Poison: D. elliptica is used as a fish poison throughout southern Asia and the Pacific. The pounded root is considered the strongest fish poison in South-East Asia. Rotenone is used in fisheries in the Philippines, Bangladesh and India to remove predatory and other undesired fish from rearing pods. An extract from the roots of D. elliptica is reported to be employed as an ingredient of arrow poison in Borneo. The powdered root of D. elliptica is widely used as an insecticide.
Derris trifoliata	Poison: It serves as a fish poison.
Diospyros ebenum	Poison: Fruits are used as fish poison.
Diospyros kaki	Poison: Juice of small, inedible wild fruits, crushed whole, calyx, seeds and all, is diluted with water and painted on paper or cloth as an insect- and moisture-repellent.
Dipterocarpus alatus	Poison: D. alatus dust causes boils.
Dodonaea angustifolia	Poison: The foliage has been cited in cases of poisoning when grazed.
Dovyalis caffra	Poison: If the fruit is soaked in water and allowed to ferment, the liquid drained off has herbicidal properties.
Entada abyssinica	Poison: Juice of the bark and cambium has been used as ordeal poison under the eyelid.
Entada africana	Poison: An infusion of the leaves at a concentration of 1:1 000 kills Carassius auratus (goldfish) in 12 hours.
Eriobotrya japonica	Poison: The seeds are poisonous and should be removed before cooking the fruit. The flowers are used as an insect repellent.
Erythrina abyssinica	Poison: Seeds of E. abyssinica contain a curare-like poison that, if injected into the bloodstream, acts as an anaesthetic that may cause paralysis and even death by respiratory failure.
Erythrina berteroana	Poison: Pito seeds contain toxic alkaloid which are likened to curare (Strychnos toxifera) in action. Crushed branches are used as fish intoxicant. Bark is used to poison dogs and wild animals.
Erythrina caffra	Poison: The seeds are said to be poisonous.
Erythrina fusca	Poison: The presence of ant-repellent compounds in the nectar has been reported.
Eucalyptus maculata	Poison: The leaves show insecticidal activity, an extract has been used against mosquito with the principal active ingredient p-menthane-3,8-diol.
Eucalyptus pellita	Poison: In Cuba, pure essential oils were extracted from the foliage of E. pellita and were found to have a highly repellent effect on the ant Wasmannia auropunctata, a pest of both forest plantations and plantation and fruit crops, for the 96 hours during which the observations were made.
Euclea divinorum	Poison: Tannic and gallic acid extracts in this plant may contain sufficient amounts of inhibitory constituents to interfere with the virulence and growth of enamel cavity causing bacteria in vivo.
Euonymus japonicus	Poison: E. japonicus is considered a poisonous plant in the Pacific.
Euphorbia tirucalli	Poison: The latex is highly poisonous, causing severe injury to the eye, irritation and vesication from contact, emesis and purgation from ingestion. It is also piscicidal and insecticidal. E. tirucalli showed strong activity against Colletotrichum capsici, Fusarium pallidoroseum, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Alternaria alternata, Penicillium citrinum, Phomopsis caricae-papayae and Aspergillus niger in paper disc diffusion sensitivity tests. The extracts of E. tirucalli contain a number of esters of the tetracyclic diterpenoid phorbol, many of which have been shown to act as tumour promoters (cocarcinogens). Their co-carcinogenic effect on lymphoblastoid cells poses a real threat in Africa where drinking water is drawn around the plants. Latex of E. tirucalli was highly toxic to the parasitic nematodes. Hoplolaimus indicus, Helicotylenchus indicus and Tylenchus filiformis in vitro, toxicity increased with an increase in the concentration of latex and exposure period.
Fraxinus excelsior	Poison: Leaves and fruits are reportedly poisonous to cattle.
Funtumia africana	Poison: The latex is a weak ingredient and adherent for poisoned arrows.
Garcinia livingstonei	Poison: The yellow oily sap is used to manufacture arrow poison and decorate arrows.
Garcinia mangostana	Poison: The fruit hulls show anti-fungal and anti-protozal activity.
Ginkgo biloba	Poison: 4'-O-Methylpyridoxine (ginkgotoxin) is a neurotoxic antivitamin B6 which occurs in G. biloba seeds and leaves. However, toxin amount is likely to be too low to exert detrimental effects after administration of the medication or ingestion of food. Leaf extracts of G. biloba are shown to be highly effective against the rice pest Nilaparvata lugens resistant to diazinon, carbofuran and fenobucarb (Kwon-Min et al. 1996). Extracts of powdered dried leaves were deterrent to P. brassicae and P. rapae at levels as low as 25-50 p.p.m.
Gleditsia triacanthos	Poison: Triacanthine from the leaves is highly toxic (LD50 about 35 mg/kg) and of questionable oncostatic activity.
Gliricidia sepium	Poison: The leaves, seeds or powdered bark are toxic to humans when mixed with cooked rice or maize and fermented. The mechanism of toxicity is not understood. G. sepium has found application as a rodenticide and general pesticide.
Gnetum gnemon	Poison: Woodsmoke and topical applications reduced biting of human volunteers by the anopheline mosquitoes (Anopheles punctulatus, A. koliensis, A. bancroftii, A. karwari and A. farauti) by 79% and 51%, respectively (Paru et al. 1995). Enzymic inhibition prevents insect predation of foliage.
Gonystylus bancanus	Poison: The pounded fruits are sometimes used as fish poison.
Grevillea robusta	Poison: The flower buds, fruit and seeds are cyanogenic. Through contact with the leaves, sensitive persons may develop contact dermatitis due to tridecylresorcinol, a chemical compound related to the allergen toxicodendron.
Grewia tenax	Poison: A mucilaginous bark preparation is used by women against hair vermin.
Hevea brasiliensis	Poison: Kernel oil is effective against houseflies and lice.
Hibiscus sabdariffa	Poison: H. sabdariffa is toxic to Schistosoma mansoni at 50-100 ppm, showing both miracidicidal and cercaricidal activity.
Holarrhena floribunda	Poison: Most members of the family Apocynaceae are poisonous, therefore H. floribunda material should be handled carefully especially for medicinal purposes.
Intsia bijuga	Poison: Seed oil of I. bijuga repels the stored products, tenebrionid pest Tribolium castaneum and compare favourably with neem (Azadirachta indica) extracts.
Jatropha curcas	Poison: Curcas oil contains a toxin, curcasin. The albumen of the kernel is a poison, toxalbumen cursin, most abundant in the embryo. Another poison, a croton resin, occurs in the seeds and causes redness and pustular eruptions of the skin. The plant is listed as a fish poison. Aqueous extracts of J. curcas leaves were effective in controlling Sclerotium spp., an Azolla fungal pathogen. The seed oil, extracts of J. curcas seeds and phorbol esters from the oil have been used to control various pests, often with successful results. In Gabon, the seeds, ground and mixed with palm oil, are used to kill rats. The oil has purgative properties, but seeds are poisonous; even the remains from pressed seeds can be fatal.
Khaya senegalensis	Poison: K. senegalensis is used in Cote d’Ivoire as an ingredient in arrow poison. Bark scales are sometimes used as a fish poison.
Kigelia pinnata	Poison: The fruit extract is reported to have molluscicidal properties. Raw fruit are poisonous to humans.
Lagerstroemia speciosa	Poison: Roots, stems and leaves contain hydrocyanic acid.
Lansium domesticum	Poison: An arrow poison is made from the fruit peel and the bark of the tree. Both possess a toxic property, lansium acid, which, on injection, arrests heartbeat in frogs. The seed contains a minute amount of an unnamed alkaloid and 2 bitter, toxic principles. The dried peel is burned in Java, the aromatic smoke serving as a mosquito repellent and as incense in the rooms of sick people.
Madhuca latifolia	Poison: Mahua oil is used to treat seeds against pest infestation.
Mammea americana	Poison: All parts of the mamey have insecticidal properties; infusions of the powdered seeds and gum from the bark and green fruit rind are used as insecticides to kill ticks, fleas and jiggers. In Puerto Rico mamey leaves are wrapped around young tomato plants when setting them in the ground to protect them from mole crickets and cutworms. Various extracts from the fruit, bark, leaves or roots are toxic to moths, beetle larvae and also to bugs. Seed extracts are toxic to fish, chicks and hogs.
Mangifera caesia	Poison: The white juice of the immature binjai fruit is extremely irritant, both on the skin and when ingested,
Mangifera indica	Poison: In sensitive individuals, ingestion of the fruit or skin contact with the juice may cause a rash like that of poison ivy.
Manilkara zapota	Poison: Seeds contain hydrocyanic acid and should be removed before eating the fruit.
Melia azedarach	Poison: Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of leaves and seed reportedly control many insect, mite and nematode pests. However, because they contain toxic components, care is needed in their use. The fruit of M. azedarach is highly toxic to warm-blooded animals; the consumption of 6-8 fruit can cause nausea, spasms, and in children, even death.
Melia volkensii	Poison: Leaf preparations are used as flea and fly repellents; they are said to be particularly effective on goat kids. Antifeed activity against Schistocerca gregaria is reported; larvicidal and growth inhibitory effects have also been observed against mosquitoes.
Mesua ferrea	Poison: Flowers extracts of M. ferrea terminated pregnancy or resulted in lack of implantation in rats (Sethi et al. 1989).
Michelia champaca	Poison: Leafs extract is toxic to the rice fungus, Pyricularia oryzae. Fatty oils extracted from the seeds show antibacterial activity against Bacillus pumilus, B. subtilis, Salmonella typhosa, S. paratyphi, Micrococcus pyogenes var. albus and Staphylococcus aureus.
Millettia dura	Poison: Parts of the plant are reportedly poisonous.
Millettia thonningii	Poison: Leaf juice is poisonous and is used to poison water snails.
Myrianthus arboreus	Poison: M. arboreus extracts deter the termite R. lucifugus.
Nauclea orientalis	Poison: N. orientalis wood was shown to be toxic to the termite Cryptotermes domesticus under laboratory conditions.
Nephelium lappaceum	Poison: The fruit wall contains a toxic saponin; cases of poisoning are known.
Ocimum gratissimum	Poison: The essential oil is also an important insect repellent.
Olneya tesota	Poison: The seeds contain canavalin, a mild toxin.
Ougeinia dalbergioides	Poison: The bark is used as a fish poison.
Parkia biglobosa	Poison: Bark and pods contain piscicides; the alkaloid parkine that occurs in pods and bark may be responsible.
Parkinsonia aculeata	Poison: Leaves have been reported in Paraguay as toxic, at times containing hydrocyanic acid.
Pausinystalia johimbe	Poison: Poisonous doses of yohimbe are reported to paralyze respiration and the drug can cause severe hypotension, abdominal distress and weakness. It can also be used as an ichthytoxicant (fish poison).
Peltophorum africanum	Poison: The gum is reputed to be poisonous.
Pentaclethra macroloba	Poison: Both seeds and bark contain a toxin, and long contact with sawdust and bark may cause allergy
Persea americana	Poison: The unripe fruit is poisonous and the ground-up seed mixed with cheese is used as a rat and mouse poison.
Phyllanthus acidus	Poison: Extract from the plant has shown nematicidal activity against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The juice of the root bark is weakly poisonous.
Phytolacca dioica	Poison: The seeds, leaf and root contain saponins.
Podocarpus falcatus	Poison: Leaves contain podolide, is a main ingredient for insecticide.
Pongamia pinnata	Poison: The presscake, when applied to the soil is valued as a pesticide, particularly against nematodes. In rural areas, dried leaves are stored with grain to repel insects. Pounded and roasted seeds used to be utilized as fish poison.
Populus euphratica	Poison: The bark is reportedly a vermifuge.
Pouteria sapota	Poison: The seed has stupefying properties, and this may be due to its HCN content. One is cautioned not to rub the eyes after handling the green fruit because of the sap exuding from the cut or broken stalk. The milky sap of the tree is highly irritant to the eyes and caustic and vesicant on the skin. The leaves are reportedly poisonous.
Prosopis africana	Poison: Pounded dry fruits are suitable as a fish poison.
Prosopis alba	Poison: Foliage extracts have shown antibacterial activity.
Prunus africana	Poison: Bark, bruised leaves and fruits smell strongly of bitter almonds. They are reputed to be poisonous and are used in witchcraft.
Psidium guajava	Poison: P. guajava has insecticidal properties.
Pyrus communis	Poison: Like apples, pears contain cyanogenic glucosides in seeds, which can be toxic if eaten in large quantities. Pear juice has been found to cause chronic, nonspecific diarrhea in infants and children. This stems from the abnormally high levels of fructose and sorbitol relative to glucose compared to other foods
Rauvolfia vomitoria	Poison: The members of this family usually have toxic properties. In Gabon, the bark and root powder, are mixed with water or palm oil to kill fleas and vermin. The root bark extracts are reportedly poisonous.
Rhus natalensis	Poison: The sap of Rhus spp. is highly irritant and vesicant.
Robinia pseudoacacia	Poison: Early studies revealed toxins called robin and robinit in the bark, leaves and flowers that are believed to be associated with animal poisoning.
Salvadora oleoides	Poison: S. oleoides seed oil showed 100% toxicity to Anopheles stephensi at 0.01%.
Sandoricum koetjape	Poison: The seeds of S. koetjape contain limonoids (antifeedant compounds).
Sapindus mukorossi	Poison: The fruit pulp is used in northern India and China to control head lice and as fish poison. Powdered seeds are insecticidal.
Schima wallichii	Poison: The bark contains an alkaloid used as a fish poison.
Schinus molle	Poison: The hanging strings of little pink berries of this attractive ornamental tree are reputed to be moderately poisonous, particularly the seed. Leaves are an insect repellant. The pollen, on contact or when inhaled, can cause dermatitis and asthmatic reactions. The tree also has antimicrobial, antifungal, piscicidal and viricidal properties.
Schinus terebinthifolius	Poison: S. terebinthifolius may cause allergies in sensitive people even without direct contact with its leaves and fruits. For some birds, the fruit is toxic.
Schinziophyton rautanenii	Poison: Toxicological results suggest a tenous link between oil use and goitre.
Sclerocarya birrea ssp. caffra	Poison: There are claims that the fruit may be used as an insecticide as well as a germicide. Among the Zulu, the fruit is used as an acaricide.
Securidaca longepedunculata	Poison: The trees, especially the roots, are a toxicity risk if taken in excess. A saponin found in the roots can cause severe damage to bone marrow and haemolysis when in contact with blood. The solid portion of the root is said to be the most lethal. The root bark also contains 0.42% methyl salicylate. Severe poisoning can result from ingestion of 10-30 ml of methyl salicylate. In Zambia the crushed and powdered roots are used as an intravaginal or intrarectal poison, and in Gambia as a fish poison. Bark, roots and seeds are used in arrow poison, and root can be used as a snake repellent. Roots at 350 ppm are 100% effective as a molluscicide.
Senna didymobotrya	Poison: In Africa, it is commonly used as a stupefacient poison for fishing.
Senna siamea	Poison: Sawdust may cause some irritation to the nose, throat and eyes.
Sesbania sesban	Poison: The saponin, stigmasta-galactopyranoside, which is isolated from the seeds, has glucuronide derivatives of oleanolic acid, which has molluscicidal activity against Biophalaria glabrata, one of the known snail vectors of schistosomiasis. The saponin also shows spermicidal and haemolytic activity. Using S. sesban leaf meal in poultry diets (as 10% of the diet) is fatal to young chicks, and the provision of either cholesterol or sitosterol with the diet significantly improves chick survival.
Simaruba glauca	Poison: The residual cake left after processing the crude fat from the seed contains a toxin.
Simmondsia chinensis	Poison: The plant contains a group of glycosides, known as food intake inhibitors with simmondsin [2-(cyano-methylene)-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxycyclohexyl-b-glucoside] being the most important toxic factor, which is found in leaves, stems, roots as well as in jojoba meal after oil extraction. It is believed that the food intake reduction after intake of simmondsin is probably due to a specific inhibition of hunger.
Spathodea campanulata	Poison: The hard central portion of the fruit is used to kill animals.
Steganotaenia araliacea	Poison: Six dibenzocyclo-octadiene lignans from S. araliacea stem bark displayed cytotoxic (antimitotic) activity in a manner similar to colchicine on 11 human tumour cell lines. The lignans steganangin (the most abundant analogue), steganacin and steganolide A were most abundant.
Strychnos cocculoides	Poison: Seeds are reported to contain toxic substances. The fruit is used to make a dye that provides protection from insects to colour trays and containers.
Strychnos henningsii	Poison: The bark contains a poisonous bitter alkaloid causing paralysis. Despite this the plant still has significant medicinal uses.
Strychnos innocua	Poison: A mixture of ground roots and oil is rubbed on the skin as a fly repellent.
Strychnos spinosa	Poison: A mixture of ground roots of S. spinosa and oil is applied to the skin as a fly repellent.
Swietenia humilis	Poison: The bark and seeds possess a stringent alkaloid, reputed to be very poisonous. The extracts significantly inhibited the growth and feeding of third instar larvae of Tenebrio molitor.
Syzygium aromaticum	Poison: Clove oil is very potent and can cause gum irritation, it is advisable to dilute it with equal amounts of vegetable oil. For infants even milder dilution is required. Use should be avoided during pregnancy, or if with sensitive skin.
Syzygium cordatum	Poison: Pieces of the bark or powdered bark are used as a fish poison for catching small fish in small ponds; it turns the water bluish for up to 3 days.
Syzygium guineense	Poison: The poisonous bark has been reported to cause human deaths.
Syzygium jambos	Poison: The seeds are said to be poisonous. An unknown amount of hydrocyanic acid has been reported in the roots, stems and leaves. An alkaloid, jambosine, has been found in the bark of the tree and of the roots, and the roots are considered poisonous.
Taxus baccata	Poison: Leaves are poisonous to cattle. The foliage and seeds contain several alkaloids (taxine) and glucoside (taxicatine), very poisonous, which alters to hydrotaxine by hydrolysis. In Europe, poisoning is frequent in animals such as horses, asses and mules which are extremely sensitive while rabbits, guinea-pigs and cats are insensitive. In humans, the yew generates digestive, nervous, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders, which can result in death.
Tephrosia candida	Poison: Powdered leaves are used as an insecticide. There are unconfirmed reports of the bark and roots being used as a fish poison.
Tephrosia purpurea	Poison: The toxic properties of T. purpurea are due to the presence of flavonoids; those recorded include rotenone and several of its isomers named deguelins. One of the deguelins, tephrosin, is poisonous to fish, but not to mammals. The leaves contain up to 2.5% rutin (a flavonol glucoside). Pounded leaves are used to stupefy and catch fish.
Tephrosia villosa	Poison: Toxic to livestock and also used as a fish poison.
Tephrosia vogelii	Poison: Cultivated for insecticide, fish and arrow poison obtainable from the leaves. The poison stupefies fish, which are then easily caught. Dry, crushed leaves are used as insecticide against lice, fleas and ticks, and as a molluscicide. Tephrosine is the poisonous principal.
Toona ciliata	Poison: Some extracts from the bark have insect-repellent properties.
Trichilia emetica	Poison: The seed coat is extremely poisonous.
Uapaca kirkiana	Poison: The leaves are used as a cockroach repellent in homes.
Vitellaria paradoxa	Poison: Waste water from traditional shea-butter extraction is believed to keep white ants away. Traditionally, shea butter, at a rate of 5 ml oil/kg of seed, has been shown to protect Vigna subterranea against Callosobruchus maculatus. A root-bark extract (100 ppm) is effective against Bulinus globosus; when mixed with tobacco, the roots are used as a poison by the Jukun of northern Nigeria. Infusions of the bark have selective antimicrobial properties, being effective against Sarcina lutea and Staphyllococus aureus.
Vitex negundo	Poison: Leaves have insecticidal properties and are laid over stored grain to ward off insects.
Vitex trifolia	Poison: Oils from the leaves of V. trifolia show considerable mosquito repellent activity. The active principle in the leaves of V. trifolia has been identified as rotundinal, a cycloterpene aldehyde. V. trifolia shows considerable potential as a botanical pesticide that may be applied both indoors and outdoors.
Warburgia ugandensis	Poison: The heartwood contains new sesquiterpenoids such as bemadienolide, cinnamide, drimenol, muzigadial, polygodial, warburganal, warburgiadione, warburgin, ugandensidial and ugandensolide. These compounds exhibit anti-feedant activity against armyworm (Spodoptera littoralis and S. exepta), widely occurring African crop pests. The anti-feedant activities of warburganal and muzigadial are comparable. These two compounds belong to the strongest group of anti-feedants against African armyworm found so far. In addition, they exhibit very potent antifungal, antiyeast and plant-growth regulating activity.
Ximenia americana	Poison: Sambunigrine has been identified as the main cyanogenetic principle in the plant. Leaves at 100 ppm cause 100% mortality of Bulinus globus, the vector in the transmission of schistosomiasis. Bark and crushed fruit rind are applied to sores on domestic animals and to keep off fleas.
Ziziphus mauritiana	Poison: Z. mauritiana is used to stupefy fish in Ethiopia.
Zizyphus nummularia	Poison: The fruits are greedily eaten by gerbils and rats and are used as baits for poisoning these rodents.
Zizyphus spina-christi	Poison: It has been reported that applying Christ thorn bark in larger doses reduces nematode activity in cereal fields and leads to significant increase in the yield of sunflowers (Ismail, 1998).