Agroforestree database This database provides detailed information on a total of 670 agroforestry tree species. It is intended to help field workers and researchers in selecting appropriate species for agroforestry systems and technologies. For each species, the database includes information on identity, ecology and distribution, propagation and management, functional uses, pests and diseases and a bibliography. This project has been funded by the British Department for International Development (DFID, the European Union and the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). |
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| Abelmoschus moschatus | Essential oils: Ambrette oil obtained from seeds posses an odor similar to that of musk and its aromatic constituents have long been used in perfumery industry. Different grades of essential, or aromatic absolute, are marked in Europe as high-grade perfum |
| Acacia senegal | Essential oil: Seeds contain fat (khakhan), which is used both for medicine and for soap making. |
| Aegle marmelos | Essential oil: The essential oil of the leaves contains d-limonene, 56% a-d-phellandrene, cineol, citronellal, citral; 17% p-cyrnene, 5% cumin aldehyde. The limonene-rich oil has been distilled from the rind for scenting hair oil. |
| Ailanthus triphysa | Essential oil: Aromatic oils are obtained from the bark. |
| Alstonia scholaris | Essential oil: Flowers of A. scholaris yield an essential oil. |
| Annona senegalensis | Essential oil: The major constituents are car-3-ene in the fruit and linalool in the leaves. |
| Anthocephalus cadamba | Essential oil: Kadam flowers are an important raw material in the production of ‘attar’, which are Indian perfumes with sandalwood (Santalum spp.) base in which one of the essences is absorbed through hydro-distillation. |
| Artemisia annua | Essential oil: Used in the crafting of aromatic wreaths, as a flavoring for spirits such as vermouth, as a source of essential oils (yields 0.3%), and contains at least 40 volatile compounds and several non-volatile sesquiterpenes, that has an agreeable, |
| Barringtonia procera | Essential oils: The kernel oil has potential for cooking and body care products. |
| Bixa orellana | Essential oil: Seeds contain a characteristic pleasant-smelling oil. |
| Brachylaena huillensis | Essential oil: Oil distilled from the wood has a pleasant, vetiver-like perfume. |
| Caesalpinia sappan | Essential oil: Leaves contain a pleasant smelling volatile oil. |
| Calodendrum capense | Essential oil: The kernel yields a lemon-yellow, rather bitter, fixed oil that can be used for making soap. |
| Cananga odorata | Essential oil: Cananga odorata flowers (also leaves and fruits) yield an important essential oil (contain 1-2% volatile oil) widely used in perfume manufacture. Subsequent extracts are used in soap, cosmetics and other hygienic by-products. |
| Canarium schweinfurthii | Essential oil: The resin contains 8-20 % of an essential oil, the main constituent of which is limonene. It is rich in phellandrenes, and contains also resins and a bitter principle. |
| Cinnamomum camphora | Essential oil: Fractionation of the camphor-free oil obtained from C. camphora provides an oil rich in safrole (80% or more), usually called Chinese sassafras oil. C. camphora is a well-known chemotype; on distillation, the wood from different groups of |
| Cinnamomum tamala | Essential oil: Leaves yield an essential oil with a specific gravity of 1.025, it is soluble in 1.2 volume of 70% alcohol. The oil resembles cinnamon leaf oil and contains phellandrene and 78% eugenol. The essential oil from the bark is pale yellow, and |
| Cinnamomum verum | Essential oil: Cinnamon bark oil possesses the delicate aroma of the spice and a sweet pungent taste. Its major constituent is cinnamaldehyde but other, minor components impart the characteristic odour and flavour. It is employed mainly in the food flavo |
| Citrus bergamia | Essential oils: Bergamot is mainly grown for the essential oil present in the peel of its fruit (bergamot oil). Bergamot oil is an important component of toilet water 'eau-de-Cologne', which was first developed around 1675 in Cologne (Germany) by the Ital |
| Citrus maxima | Essential oil: Both fruits and leaves produce essential oils which serve as ingredients in scenting toiletry products while the flowers which are highly aromatic are made into perfumes in North Vietnam. |
| Citrus sinensis | Essential oil: Peels, leaves and flowers contain fine essences of oils that may be used in manufacture of cosmetics and medicinal applications. |
| Commiphora myrrha | Essential oil: Myrrh oil is deep amber in colour with a warm, spicy, bitter and smoky aroma. Today myrrh oil is still considered helpful for meditation, and aromatherapists recommend the naturally antiseptic essential oil for skin and mouth problems. |
| Cryptomeria japonica | Essential oil: Wood on steam distillation yields 1.5 % essential oil, Sugi Oil or Japanese Cedar Wood Oil which is a viscous, greenish liquid containing 40 % sesquiterpine alcohol. Leaves yield about 0.7 % essential oil that is brownish yellow with a str |
| Cunninghamia lanceolata | Essential oil: The branches produce an essential oil used in the perfume industry. Cedrol, pinene, phellandrene, citrene, terpinol, thujenol, cadinol and borneol are the main constituents of the essential oil |
| Cupressus torulosa | Essential oil: The wood is aromatic, especially the root-wood, and an essential oil extracted from these parts is used in cosmetics. |
| Dacryodes edulis | Essential oil: Under steam distillation, the resin has been reported to yield a peppery essential oil rich in sabinene, beta-phellandrene and limonene. |
| Dipterocarpus alatus | Essential oil: The tapped yaang oil is used as a fixative in perfumes. |
| Emblica officinalis | Essential oil: A fixed oil derived from the fruit allegedly acts as a hair-restorer and is used in shampoos in India. This oil is the main ingredient in an "Amla Conditioner" currently sold by Shikai Products of Santa Rosa, California, by mail and through |
| Erythrina variegata | Essential oils: In New Britain, blackened dried leaves are worn for their scent. |
| Eucalyptus camaldulensis | Essential oil: Some tropical provenances of E. camaldulensis are rich in 1,8-cineole leaf oil and are potential commercial sources of medicinal-grade eucalyptus oil. |
| Eucalyptus citriodora | Essential oil: The commercially important eucalyptus oil distilled from the leaves of this and other Eucalyptus species has medicinal and industrial uses. |
| Eucalyptus deglupta | Essential oil: The aromatic oils of E. deglupta have been characterized but they occur in such small quantities (0.2% in the leaves) that they are not of commercial importance. |
| Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus | Essential oil: The leaves are valuable for the extraction of eucalyptol, a commercially important eucalyptus oil. A yield of 2750 kg of leaves/ha can be expected. The oil content is 1% of the air-dry weight of the leaves, and the oil normally contains 62 |
| Eucalyptus maculata | Essential oil: The leaves yield an essential oil, the main component being 1,8-cineole. The yield of oil is 1.8-2.8% . |
| Eucalyptus nitens | Essential oil: The essential oil from E. nitens is monoterpenoid in nature and is characterized by large amounts of alpha-pinene (10-17%) and 1,8-cineole (18-70%), the latter being a principle constituent of medicinal oils. |
| Eucalyptus pellita | Essential oil: The oil obtained from E. pellita is essentially monoterpenoid but rather variable. The major components are alpha-pinene (20-51%), limonene (11-44%), gamma-terpinene (0.2-23%), rho-cymene (0.3-11%), beta-pinene (2-6%) and terpinolene (0.5- |
| Eucalyptus robusta | Essential oil: The essential oil yield is 1.7%, with the characteristic constituents being piperitone, rho-cymene, linalool, 1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, citronellyl acetate and alpha-terpinol. |
| Eucalyptus saligna | Essential oil: The essential oil yield is 0.3-0.5%. The major compound found in E. saligna is alpha-pinene (71-84%). |
| Eucalyptus tereticornis | Essential oil: The leaves are 1 of the sources of eucalypt oil, and the principal leaf oil is cineole (45%). The oil yield percentage by fresh weight is 0.9-1.4%. The wood contains 0.5% essential oil. Oil extraction is common in the Philippines. |
| Eucalyptus urophylla | Essential oil: The leaves yield a pale yellow oil. The major components of the oil are paecymene (76%), alpha-pinene (7%) and gamma terpenene (4%). The essential oil is a good source of paracymene, which possesses disinfectant properties and is utilized |
| Eugenia dombeyi | Essential oil: The bark and leaves contain 1.5% of essential oil. |
| Illicium verum | Essential oil: Star anise is mainly grown for the essential oil that is extracted from fruits, seeds and leaves. 10 kg of dry fruits yield 1 kg oil. The dried fruits may contain 5 to 8% of essential oil, which dominated by anethole (85 to 90%). The other |
| Lansium domesticum | Essential oil: The fresh peel contains 0.2% of a light-yellow volatile oil, from the dried peel, a dark, semi-liquid oleoresin composed of 0.17 % volatile oil and 22% resin is obtained. |
| Macadamia integrifolia | Essential oil: The characteristic, subtle macadamia flavour is probably due to volatile compounds, the major ones being similar to those in other roasted nuts. |
| Manihot glaziovii | Essential oil: M. glaziovii produces many seeds which contain 90 % unsaturated oil which might possibly be used as a fuel for pre-combustion diesel engines. |
| Melaleuca alternifolia | Essential oils: The valuable essential oil, tea-tree oil or Australian melaleuca oil, is water- or steam-distilled from the leaves and small twigs. The oil is also of interest in the perfume industry, as it blends well with other oils while contributing i |
| Melaleuca quinquenervia | Essential oil: Cajeput oil obtained from leaves and twigs of this and related species by steam distillation is used in medicine and local remedies. The foliar leaf oils of M. quinquenervia fall into 2 classes, based on their chemical composition. One chem |
| Michelia champaca | Essential oil: Flowers yield an essential oil used in perfumery. Analyses of seeds showed low (20%) kernel contents but high oil contents of kernel (32.2%) and 6.44% of seed. It has potential for commercial exploitation for oil production for various use |
| Morus alba | Essential oil: Fruit contains cineole, geraniol, linalyl acetate, alpha-pinene and limone as major components of the essential oils. |
| Myristica fragrans | Essential oils: Grenada is the world's second largest producer of essential oils derived from the seeds of the nutmeg tree, Myristica fragrans. It also contains a valuable, thick, yellow, fat called Nutmeg butter used to make candles and is important in c |
| Myroxylon balsamum | Essential oil: Balsam gum contains about 60% cinnamein, a volatile oil extracted by steam distillation. The oil is used in high-grade perfume, cosmetic and soap industries. Oil also used in flavouring baked goods. Its fragrance is attributed to vanillin, |
| Ocimum gratissimum | Essential oils: O. gratissimum is grown for the essential oil in its leaves and stems. Eugenol and to a lesser extent thymol extracted from the oil are substitutes for clove oil and thyme oil. |
| Osyris compressa | Essential oils: The bark, stem, seeds and roots are used in the manufacture of aromatic oils that are used in making expensive perfumes, quality lotions, rare soaps and sweet-smelling candles. The wood yields between four and 10 per cent oil when distill |
| Osyris lanceolata | Essential oils: Roots and wood are scented and used to make cosmetics and perfume; and has a lucrative market in Germany, India, Indonesia and South Africa. |
| Parkia speciosa | Essential oil: Seeds of P. speciosa contain cystine. |
| Paullinia cupana | Essential oil: The essential oil isolated from powdered seeds of guarana has 9 identifiable constituents: 2 methylbenzenes, a cyclic monoterpene, 2 cyclic sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 2 methoxyphenylpropenes and 2 alkylphenol derivatives. |
| Persea americana | Essential oil: Watery extracts of the avocado leaves contain a yellowish-green essential oil. |
| Pistacia integerrima | Essential oil: The essential oil obtained by steam-distillation of Kakra Singi, the indigenous drug prepared from P. integerrima contains: alpha -pinene (25%.), camphene (27%.), di-limonene (4-5%), 1:8-cineol (10%.), alpha -terpineol (20%.), and aromaden |
| Platycladus orientalis | Essential oil: Leaves, wood, bark, and seed shells of P. orientalis, have been steam-distilled and the resulting essential oils and their constituents analysed by GC/MS (mass spectrometry). Essential oils from leaves and seed shells have been found to co |
| Psidium guajava | Essential oil: Plant contains an essential oil. The volatile oil with methylchavicol, persein and d-pinene (a paraffin) is found in the leaf. |
| Santalum album | Essential oil: A valuable oil, ‘the sandal oil’, is distilled from the heartwood (yield varies from 4-10%) and is used in perfumery, soap making and medicines. The roots contain maximum quantity of oil and hence are more valuable. |
| Santalum ellipticum | Essential oils: Heartwood from sandalwood trees yields an aromatic oil which is widely valued and has been the basis of a lucrative and exploitative trade for hundreds of years. The oil is used in cosmetics, for scenting of soaps, perfumery, aromatherapy |
| Santalum spicatum | Essential oil: An aromatic oil can be distilled, mainly from the tree butts and roots, the oil is used as a fixative for perfumes and in high quality soaps. Steam distillation, yields 5 sesquiterpene alcohols, epi-alpha-bisabolol, (Z)-alpha-santalol, 2(E |
| Sapindus mukorossi | Essential oil: Seeds contain 23 % oil of which 92 % is triglycerides; the triglyceride fraction contained 30 % oleo-palmito-arachidin glyceride, 13.3 % oleo-diarachidin glyceride and 56.7 % di-olein type glycerides such as dioleo-palmitin, dioleo-stearin |
| Schinus molle | Essential oil: The fruit contains a volatile oil and has a flavour resembling that of a mixture of fennel and pepper. The oil of S. molle exhibits significant activity against several bacterial species, such as Alcaligenes faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae |
| Schinus terebinthifolius | Essential oils: Essential oils extracted from the seeds of S. terebinthifolius have pesticidal activity against the housefly (Musca domestica) and its antimicrobial properties have also been investigated. |
| Steganotaenia araliacea | Essential oil: The major hydrodistilled essential oils from the highly aromatic leaves are limonene + beta-phellandrene, alpha-pinene, sabinene, beta-caryophyllene and cryptone. |
| Syzygium aromaticum | Essential oil: Clove oil is extracted by water distillation and mixes well with cinnamon, cedar, lavender, rose and bergamot. Essential oil content in good quality cloves may exceed 15%. The oil is dominated by eugenol (70-85%), eugenol acetate (15%) and |
| Syzygium jambos | Essential oil: A yellow essential oil, distilled from the leaves, contains, among other properties, 26.84% dl-a-pinene and 23.84% l-limonene, and can be resorted to as a source of these elements for use in the perfume industry. |
| Tarchonanthus camphoratus | Essential oil: The essential oil extracted from leaves is the safest and most effective natural product for protection from mosquitoes, midges and many kinds of biting insects. The product, containing only 0.3% of the active ingredient, is effective for |
| Toona ciliata | Essential oil: An aromatic oil can be extracted from the fruit. |
| Toona sureni | Essential oil: The bark and fruits produce essential oils. |
| Vitex negundo | Essential oil: Leaves yield an essential oil. |
| Vitex trifolia | Essential oil: The essential oil contains several terpenes, including cineol, terpineol and alpha-pinene. |
| Ximenia americana | Essential oil: Heartwood contains an essential oil used for fumigation. The flowers have an essential oil that could be a good substitute for orange blossom. |
| Xylopia aethiopica | Essential oil: The essential oil yield varies from 2-4.5%. The bark oil consists mainly of pinene, trans-pinocarveol, verbenone and myrtenol whereas the leaf oil is mainly spathulenol, cryptone, beta-caryophyllene and limonene. |
| Zanthoxylum gilletii | Essential oil: The seed coat contains an aromatic oil. |
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