World Agroforestry Centre | agroforestree database 4.0

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This database provides detailed information on a total of 670 agroforestry tree species. It is intended to help field workers and researchers in selecting appropriate species for agroforestry systems and technologies.

For each species, the database includes information on identity, ecology and distribution, propagation and management, functional uses, pests and diseases and a bibliography.

This project has been funded by the British Department for International Development (DFID, the European Union and the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF).

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Acacia aneura	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox with 13% germination following 20 years of open storage at room temperature. Viability is maintained for 13 years with air-dried seeds stored at room temperature and increases with seed age up to 3 years. Dormancy is evident in fresh seed but disappears after 1 year. On average, there are 50 000-110 000 seeds/kg.
Acacia aulacocarpa	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There are 40 000-80 000 viable seeds/kg.
Acacia auriculiformis	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; seeds retain viability for several years. There are approximately 55 000-75 000 seeds/kg.
Acacia catechu	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. According to different authors, viability is lost within 1 year in hermetic storage at room temperature at 11-15% mc; viability is maintained for at least 2 years at ambient temperature; viability is maintained for 9 months in open storage at room temperature; viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 10 deg. C. There are 15 000-40 000 seeds/kg.
Acacia cincinnata	A. cincinnata is easily propagated from seed, which has an orthodox storage behaviour. There are about 82,000 viable seeds/kg and germination rate is about 80% .
Acacia crassicarpa	The seeds of A. crassicarpa have a hard seed coat, low moisture content and are well-suited to storage in an air-tight container at room temperature (24°C). The seeds weigh about 36 400 seeds/kg.
Acacia elatior	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox.
Acacia erioloba	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; seeds retain their viability for many years even at room temperature. Bruchid larvae within the seed continue to be active after the seed has been extracted and stored. The adults or larvae of some species emerge and may even re-enter the exit holes to lay eggs or to produce a 2nd generation of larvae that feed on the seed. Storage at temperatures near freezing point reduces bruchid beetle activity, and subzero temperatures of -20-30 deg. C may kill the larvae without damaging the seed. On average there are 22 000 seeds/kg.
Acacia etbaica	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox.
Acacia holosericea	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; 11% viability lost after 14 years storage at room temperature. There are 100 000-175 000 seeds/kg. Seed pretreatment with boiling water for 1 minute is necessary to break dormancy and enhance germination.
Acacia laeta	Seeds storage behaviour is orthodox; long-term storage. On average, there are 8 500-10 000 seeds/kg.
Acacia lahai	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox, there are approximately 4 000 seeds/kg. The damaged, lighter seeds can be selectively collected by immersing in water. Pre-sowing treatment not necessary.
Acacia leptocarpa	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. On average, there are 60 000-120 000 seeds/kg.
Acacia leucophloea	There are 37 000-50 000 seeds/kg. Pretreatment is necessary to break the hard seed coat. To encourage uniform germination, seed should be scarified either by submerging in boiled water for 24 hours or soaking in sulfuric acid for 10-30 minutes followed by soaking in cool water for 24 hours. The visibly swollen seeds should be sown immediately. Seed storage behaviour is probably orthodox. Viability can be maintained for up to 2 years at room temperature.
Acacia mangium	For the production of seedlings, the pods should be processed as soon as possible after harvesting. Pods and seeds should not be left long to dry in the sun, as temperatures exceeding 43 deg. C reduce viability. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There is little loss in viability (6%) after 1-2 years storage at 4-5 deg. C. There are about 66 000-120 000 seed/kg.
Acacia mearnsii	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability is maintained for more than 2 years in hermitic storage at room temperature with 13 + or - 2% mc; 63% germination after 17 years open storage; no loss in viability following 17 years in bottle storage at room temperature; a few seeds survived 23 years in a herbarium; viability can be maintained for several years at 10 deg. C with 4.5-9% mc. There are about 66 000-88 000 seeds/kg.
Acacia melanoxylon	After extraction and cleaning, the seeds can be dried in the sun before storing to a moisture content of 5-9%. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; 12% germination following 51 years of open storage at room temperature. Viability is maintained for at least 20 years in open storage at room temperature and can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 10 deg. C with 5-9% mc. Mature and properly dried seeds can be stored in airtight containers at room temperature for at least 1 year, and at 10 deg. C for several years. On average, there are 64 000 seeds/kg.
Acacia mellifera	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 10 deg. C with 4.5-9% mc. There are approximately 20 000 seeds/kg.
Acacia nilotica subsp nilotica	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability can be maintained for several years in airtight, moisture-proof conditions at 10 deg. C. with 4.5-9% mc. There are 5000-10 000 seeds/kg.
Acacia polyacantha ssp. polyacantha	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. A purity of 98% can be achieved. Seed weight depends on provenance and the climatic conditions of the ripening year. Mature and properly dried seeds can be stored in airtight containers at room temperature for at least 1 year, and at 10 deg. C for several years. Storing with insecticides is recommended. On average there are 15 000 seeds/kg.
Acacia saligna	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There are about 14 000-25 000 seeds/kg.
Acacia senegal	Seed should be harvested before pods have dried for easy collection and to avoid insect attack. Seed is easily extracted by hand. Freshly extracted seed should immediately be dusted with an insecticide. There are 10,000-30,000 seeds/kg. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; 5% germination following 51 years open storage at room temperature; viability can be maintained for 6 years with air-dried seeds stored at room temperature; viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 10 deg. C with 4.5-9% mc.
Acacia seyal	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 10 deg. C. with 4.5-9% mc. There are 20 000-22 000 seeds/kg.
Acacia tortilis	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 10 deg. C with 4.5-9% mc. There are about 12 000-25 000 seeds/kg.
Acacia xanthophloea	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Mature and properly dried seeds can be stored in airtight containers at room temperature for at least 1 year, and for several years at 10 deg. C with 4.5-9% mc. Storage with insecticides is recommended. On average there are 24 000-30 000 seeds/kg.
Acrocarpus fraxinifolius	Seeds exhibit orthodox storage behaviour; seeds should be stored at low temperatures. A few seeds survived 7 years of storage at room temperature (Hong TD et al.,1996). There are about 13 000-47 000 seeds/kg.
Adansonia digitata	Seeds are probably orthodox; no loss in viability during 1 year of hermetic storage at 4 deg. C; viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 8-11% mc. There are normally 2000-3000 seeds/kg.
Adenanthera pavonina	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; 15% germination following 8 years open storage at room temperature; viability maintained following 3 years of hermetic storage at room temperature with 13% + or - 2% mc; 8% germination after 4 years of open storage at room temperature (Hong TD et al., 1996). There are approximately 3750 seeds/kg.
Ailanthus altissima	100 kg fruits will yield 30-90 kg seed. Seed storage behaviour probably orthodox, viability is lost within 6 months hermetic storage at room temperature with 13 % moisture content. After 1 year open storage at fluctuating temperatures of -6-40 deg C, 75 % of the seeds germinated. Long term storage can be achieved in air-dry storage at low temperatures (Hong TD et al,1996).
Ailanthus excelsa	Seeds are usually picked before maturity since fully mature fruits are liable to lose most of their seeds through wind dispersal as soon as attempts are made to collect them. Seed storage behaviour is probably orthodox; viability is maintained for 1 year in open storage. There are about 9500 seeds/kg.
Albizia amara	The orthodox seeds can be stored up to 2.5 years without losing viability appreciably. They are best stored in mud pots with wood ash or in sealed tins or gunny bags.
Albizia chinensis	There are 50 000 seeds/kg. Seed storage behaviour is probably orthodox; viability is maintained for 12 months in open storage at room temperature.
Albizia ferruginea	Seed storage behaviour orthodox.
Albizia gummifera	Either untreated or soaked seeds are sown. Fresh seeds need no pre-treatment. Stored seeds are soaked in warm water and left to cool to room temperature. The seed coat may be nicked at the cotyledon end to hasten germination. Seed germination is good, 70-80%, within 10 days. Seeds should be collected while still on the tree to minimize insect damage. Seed can be stored for at least a year if kept dry and insect free through addition of ash. There are 10 000-15 000 seeds /kg. Seed storage behavior orthodox, viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 10 deg C.
Albizia lebbeck	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability is maintained for several years in hermetic storage at room temperature with 11-15% mc; even seeds stored 30 years show 5% viability. However, the seed is liable to bruchid attack, which may occur while the pods are still on the tree, so a little contact insecticide should be mixed with the stored seed. There are about 5000-12 000 seeds/kg.
Albizia odoratissima	Pods should be collected while on the tree as they turn brown. 1/2-opened pods are also collected from beneath trees, dried in the sun for 5-7 days, then lightly pounded with a hammer to extract seeds. Extracted seeds are dried again in the sun for 3-4 days and then stored in bags under well ventilated, dry conditions. There are 5 000-23 000 seeds/kg. Seed storage behavior is orthodox. To break dormancy seed can be soaked in cool water for 1 hour, in 80 deg C water for two minutes, or in boiling water for 30 seconds. Removed from the water, moist seed is stored overnight and sown the following morning. Seedlings emerge within a week. Fresh seed may have a germination rate of 99%. Germination of year-old seed decreases to 55-65%.
Albizia procera	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Clean seed can be stored at room temperature for 10 months with minimal loss of viability. However, germination can drop to below 50% after storage. Seeds survive 10 years or more at room temperature. Viability is maintained for more than 3 years in hermetic storage at room temperature with 13 + or - 2% mc. There are about 17 000 viable seeds/kg.
Albizia saman	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability is maintained for more than 3 years in hermetic storage at room temperature with 11-15% mc. The number of seeds/kg is 5000-74 000.
Aleurites moluccana	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox, 79% germination following 79 years of storage. There are about 345 seeds/kg.
Alnus japonica	There are about 125 000 seeds/kg. Seeds retain viability for 3-6 months. Fruits are collected from the trees and seeds are released when fruits are left to dry in the sun. Treatment of seed with high temperature (90 deg C) increased germination of Alnus japonica by 88% in China. Seed storage behaviour orthodox. Hermetic air-dry storage at –20 deg C recommended.
Alnus nepalensis	A. nepalensis seed is collected between November and March, depending on locality, when the cone-like fruits turn yellowish-brown and begin to open, but before the seeds have been dispersed by the wind. The seeds display orthodox storage behaviour. Viability is maintained for 15 months in hermetic storage at 4-5 deg. C with 5-10% mc. There are (min. 1.6) 2.3-3.5 million seeds/kg.
Alnus rubra	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There is no loss in viability after 10 years hermitic air-dry storage at 2-5 deg C. A. rubra is a prolific and consistent producer of seed. Moderate seed crops are produced almost annually and large crops occur every 3-5 years. The seeds are very light, numbering 800 000-3 000 000/kg.
Alstonia scholaris	Seeds can be stored in closed tins for 2 months, maintaining a germination rate of 90%. Based on the seed size, this species may show orthodox seed storage behaviour. There are approximately 357 000 seeds/kg.
Anacardium occidentale	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; 100% germination has been recorded after 4 months of open storage at room temperature, but viability is reduced to 50% after 10 months and none survives after 13-14 months. Viability can be maintained for 1 year in storage at room temperature with low seed mc; viability for more than 3 years in hermetic storage at ambient temperature with seeds at 11-15% mc.
Annona muricata	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox, and the seeds tolerate desiccation to 5%. Long-term storage under ideal conditions is possible.
Annona senegalensis	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Seeds are susceptible to insect damage and lose viability within 6 months. However, viability can be maintained for more than 2 years in air-dry storage at 5 deg. C.
Annona squamosa	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. If kept dry, seeds retain their viability for several years. No loss in viability occurs during 6 months hermetic storage at -20 deg. C and 1.5% mc, but loss in viability occurs if seeds are stored at room temperature.
Araucaria cunninghamii	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Mature seeds collected at about 36% mc tolerate desiccation to about 7 % mc or even 2% mc without loss in viability. A germination rate of 43% has occurred after 8 years of hermetic air-dry storage at -15 deg. C. The viability of seeds that have been dried to moisture contents in equilibrium with ambient environment was maintained for 8 years at -9 deg. C to -15 deg. C. Similarly, 50% germination after 50 weeks of air-dry storage at -12 deg. C has been reported. If mature seeds are dried to 5% mc, long-term storage is possible in sealed containers at 3 deg. C. or lower. There are approximately 2400-4000 seeds/kg.
Artocarpus camansi	Breadnut seeds have no period of dormancy and germinate immediately. They are unable to withstand desiccation. Only firm, shiny, uniform seeds should be selected and surface-cleaned in a 2% bleach solution for 5–10 minutes or be treated with a fungicide. Seeds are recalcitrant and cannot be dried or chilled, should be planted immediately.
Artocarpus mariannensis	Seeds are recalcitrant and cannot be dried or chilled. Seeds should be cleaned in a 2% bleach solution for 5-10 minutes or be treated with a fungicide.
Azanza garckeana	Orthodox storage behaviour; dry seeds store well in cool circumstances.
Balanites aegyptiaca	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; viability can be maintained for 2 years in air-dry storage at cool temperatures or for several years in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 6-10% mc. One kilogram of cleaned, extracted seeds, air-dried to 15% mc, contains 500-1500 seeds.
Barringtonia procera	Well formed, ripe fruits should be collected from the ground, fresh fruits collected from the tree result in low germination if immature. Fruit maturity is indicated by a distinctive dieback of the persistent stigma at the base of the fruit. Seeds are recalcitrant, do not withstand drying, and remain viable only for short period in dry storage. To maximize storage, it is best to retain the mesocarp on the nut and store the seeds in a shady, cool (19-25°C), and low-humidity environment and out of reach of pests such as crabs and rodents. There is no special pre-planting treatment for cutnut. Viability can be tested by placing them in water. Fruits that float are likely to be non-viable.
Bauhinia rufescens	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; no loss in viability during 1 year in hermetic storage at 4 deg. C. There are approximately 9000-10 000 seeds/kg.
Bauhinia tomentosa	Storage behaviour of seeds is orthodox; short-term storage.
Bauhinia variegata	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; no loss in viability in hermetic storage at room temperature for at least 2 years; viability maintained for more than 3 years in hermetic storage at room temperature with 13 ± 2% mc. Seeds stored in tins give germination rates of up to 95% after a few months of storage. There are 2 800-3 500 seeds/kg.
Berchemia discolor	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 7-13% mc. There are about 3000-3500 seeds/kg.
Bombacopsis quinata	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; seeds tolerate desiccation to 7.2% mc with 90% germination; 77% germination is achieved after 1 year subsequent storage at 5 deg. C. Seeds lose viability rapidly if the capsules are collected too early, but seed collected from capsules harvested at full maturity keep well for at least 2-3 years. There are 32 000 seeds/kg.
Brachystegia spiciformis	After collection, pods are dried in the sun until they split and release the seeds. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 8-17% mc. On average, there are about 2 600 seeds/kg.
Broussonetia papyrifera	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There are about 540,000 seeds/kg.
Bursera simaruba	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Seeds remain viable for 10 months.
Butea monosperma	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; no loss in viability during 2 years of hermetic storage at room temperature. There are approximately 500-1500 seeds/kg.
Cadaba farinosa	Seed storage behaviour appears to be orthodox.
Caesalpinia spinosa	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Seed should be pretreated to break the hard seed coat.
Cajanus cajan	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox with no problems for long-term storage under preferred conditions. There are 5000-14 000 seeds/kg.
Calliandra calothyrsus	Orthodox storage behaviour; viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 6-10% mc. There are approximately 19 000 seeds/kg.
Calotropis procera	Seed storage behavoiur is orthodox.
Cananga odorata	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox
Carica papaya	Seeds have orthodox storage behaviour; viability can be maintained for up to 3 years in hermetic air-dry storage at 12 deg. C. There are 300-700 seeds in each fruit and approximately 20 000 seeds/kg.
Carissa edulis	Seeds storage behaviour is orthodox, and their viability can be maintained for more than 12 months in dry air storage at 5 deg. C. There are about 28 000-30 000 seeds/kg.
Cassia fistula	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Seeds survive for at least 13 years in open storage at room temperature. Viability maintained for more than 3 years in hermitic storage at room temperature with 13±2 % moisture content. C. fistula germplasm is under long term storage at IITA Genebank.
Casuarina cunninghamiana	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; storage in complete darkness appears to retard germination. There are an average of 607 200 viable seeds/kg.
Casuarina equisetifolia	Storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 5-9% mc. There are about 26000 seeds/kg but viability is often low, even for fresh seed, averaging 50%.
Casuarina glauca	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There is a relative ease of storing seed for long periods under cool conditions. A 50% reduction in viability has been reported after 14-17 years in storage. There is an average of 414 900 seeds/kg.
Casuarina junghuhniana	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; can keep viability for up to 1 year at room temperature. 1-1.8 million seeds/kg.
Casuarina oligodon	Seed production by the species is very good. Storage of C. oligodon seeds is mainly in household refrigerators where they are kept until needed for sowing. No research has been carried so far into their longevity under these conditions, but appears to be orthodox for this family. There are 1.5-2 million seeds /kg. Viability is generally low.
Cedrela odorata	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability is maintained in hermetic storage at cool temperatures with 6-9.5% mc; seeds can be stored for about 2 years if kept in dry, cool (2-4 deg. C) and airtight containers. Well-dried seeds (6-9.5% mc) stored in paper bags, show no decrease in germination after 3 months, irrespective of the temperature during storage, ranging from -30 to 30 deg. C. Germination of seed kept in closed glass bottles at 4-6 deg. C is 82% after 2 months and 78% after 14 months. There are about 40 000 - 60 000 dry seeds/kg without wings or 31 000-48 000 seeds/kg with wings.
Ceiba pentandra	Seed storage behaviour is probably orthodox. Since the seeds contain food reserves in the form of oils that tend to go rancid quickly, their viability diminishes rapidly. It has not been possible to preserve seeds over lengthy periods of time, not even by using special storage techniques. The seeds maintain viability for only 1 year in normal conditions. The number of seeds per kilogram varies between 10 000 and 45 000, depending on provenance.
Ceratonia siliqua	Orthodox seed storage behaviour; viability can be maintained for 5 years in air-dry storage at 5 deg. C without loss in viability. Although carob seeds have remained viable for as long as 5 years stored at low temperatures in sealed containers, it is advisable to use seeds from the current season. Seeds are presumably viable after passing through an animal’s digestive tract. There are about 500 seeds/kg.
Chamaecytisus palmensis	There are 35 000-40 000 seeds/kg. Seed storage behavior is orthodox. Long-term storage under IPGRI but preferred conditions at RBG Kew, have been undertaken. Viability is maintained for 11 years. The small black seeds are extremely hard and must be scarified or treated with boiling water for 1 minute to ensure quick germination. Seeds germinate within 7-14 days.
Chukrasia tabularis	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; loss in viability after 1 year of hermetic air-dry storage at room temperature; little loss in viability (by 4%) following 6 months of hermetic storage at 10 deg. C with 6% mc. Fresh seed retain its viability for a relatively short period, about 3 months. There are about 50,000-100 000 seeds/kg.
Cinchona pubescens	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox.
Cinnamomum camphora	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Dry seeds can be stored, but longevity is short (12 months) at ambient temperature. There is little loss in viability after 12 months in moist storage at 5 deg. C with about 34% mc. P50 = 250 days when stored 1st at 25 deg. C with 80-91% r.h. for 2 weeks, then at 4 deg. C with 80% r.h. There are approximately 6600-10 000 seeds/kg. This species has been classified as minimally recalcitrant, but no evidence of desiccation sensitivity is given. The fact that seeds can be stored dry at ambient temperatures for 6 months (resulting in 25% germination, compared with 55% germination before storage) suggests that they are not recalcitrant. After harvest the fruits are afterripened in the shade for 2-3 days. The pulp is removed after the fruits have been soaked in water for 12-16 hours. It is important that the seeds (pyrenes) are dried in the shade to avoid desiccation damage. 3-4 kg fruits yield 1 kg of seed.
Colophospermum mopane	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. The seeds are viable for about 3 years; 8-year-old seeds completely failed to germinate in a trial experiment at the Central Arid Zones Research Institute (CAZRI), Jodhpur, Rajasthan.
Combretum aculeatum	Seed storage appears to be orthodox.
Combretum collinum	Fruits can be stored for only a short period. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox, and seeds can be stored for up to 3 years.
Combretum molle	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; seeds can be stored for long periods under favourable conditions. There are about 10 000-15 000 seeds/kg.
Commiphora africana	Seed storage behaviour appears to be orthodox. Seeds should be stored dry.
Copaifera langsdorfii	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability is maintained after 8 months storage at 7.8% moisture content and 3 deg C.
Cordeauxia edulis	The orthodox seed storage behaviour is questionable; viability is completely lost after a few months of open storage at room temperature. Even under the best conditions, seeds remain viable for only a few months.
Cordia alliodora	The time to collect seed of maximum viability is indicated when the flower panicles turning from yellow to brown without appearing burnt, the colour being that of the persistent corolla. Germination percentage reaches 80% or more. Whole seed 11-40% mc. Orthodox seed storage behaviour; seed viability is halved after 12 months storage at 5 deg. C with 12-18% mc; 50% germination after 1 year storage at 5 deg. C with between 10-25% mc; viability is reduced from 63% to 31% after 1 year storage at room temperature with 11.5% mc; seeds tolerate desiccation to 6.9% mc, viability is maintained at 2-5 deg. C with 6.9% mc. Seed dried below 10% mc, and stored at 2 deg. C shows little deterioration over 10 years. There are 55 000-75 000 viable seed/kg.
Cordia sinensis	Collect the fruits when they turn bright orange for maximum viability; germination rates of up to 80% can be achieved. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There are 6500 seeds per kg.
Cryptomeria japonica	There are about 330 000-400 000 seeds/kg. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox, viability is maintained for 4 years in cold hermetic air-dry storage. At room temperature, seeds lose viability in a year, however viability is maintained for long periods in cold hermetic air-dry storage. Complete loss in viability after 3 years hermetic storage at 0 deg. C with 6-8 % moisture content, but no loss in viability after 6 years at –20 deg. C with these moisture contents.
Cunninghamia lanceolata	The optimal time for harvest is 2-3 weeks after seed ripening, when the cones have turned from dark green to yellow brown. The cones are harvested using long hooks. The yield is usually 30-50 g seeds/kg of dry cone. After harvest, the seeds are after-ripened in shade for one week. Seeds storage behaviour is orthodox. If stored in airtight containers, the seeds normally retain full viability for one year. They can be stored at 5°C and 8-10% moisture content to prolong viability. There are 130000-150000 seeds/kg.
Cupressus lusitanica	After extraction, the seeds are dried in the sun to 6-10% mc before they are stored. Long-term seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Germination rate for seeds in hermitic storage for 21 years at 5 deg. C with less than 10% mc is 10%; viability can be maintained in hermitic storage at 3 deg. C with 6-10% mc. With normal dry storage, 75% germination can be maintained for 1 year and for several years if seeds are refrigerated at 4 deg. C. Seed weight varies with provenance, ranging from 170 000 to 320 000 seeds/kg.
Cupressus torulosa	Seed storage is orthodox with viability maintained for up to 18 months in open storage and 3 years in hermitic storage. There are 160 000-280 000 seeds/kg. Seeds should be stratified in damp sand before planting.
Cyphomandra betacea	Orthodox storage behaviour; no loss in viability after 42 months of hermetic storage at -20 deg. C with 5.5% mc. Reduction in viability occurs after 8-10 months of storage at room temperature. There are about 100 000 seeds/kg.
Dalbergia melanoxylon	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 9-12% mc. There are about 42 000 seeds/kg.
Dalbergia sissoo	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; viability is maintained for 4 years in hermetic storage and 1-2 years when stored in airtight containers under dry, cool (5-22 deg. C) conditions. There are approximately 45 000-55 000 seeds/kg.
Delonix regia	Seeds can be stored for a long time if insect attack is avoided, which can be done by adding ash to the seeds. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox and a germination rate of 47% has been recorded after 9 years of storage at room temperature; no loss in viability following 4 years of storage. Viability is maintained following 3 years of hermetic storage at room temperature with 13-12% mc, and for at least 5 years in hermetic storage at room temperature. Average moisture of seeds is 10.45%, and there are about 2000-3245 seeds/kg.
Derris robusta	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox.
Dialium guineense	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox.
Dichrostachys cinerea	Orthodox seed storage behaviour; little loss in viability during 26 years of hermetic storage at room temperature. Add ash to stored seed to reduce insect damage. Can be stored for up to 10 years at room temperature if kept dry and free from insects. There are 50 500-66 500 seeds/kg.
Didymopanax morototoni	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; no loss in viability following 11 months of storage at 12 deg. C with seeds in equilibrium with 30% r.h. There are approximately 45 400 seeds/kg.
Diospyros melanoxylon	Orthodox seed storage behaviour; viability maintained for 1 year in open storage; viability lost within 1 year in hermetic storage at room temperature with 11-15% mc. About 5 kg of ripe fruit yields 1 kg of seeds, weighing 1100-2 000 seeds/kg.
Diospyros mespiliformis	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability can be maintained for one season in open storage, but can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 3 deg C with 5-6% mc. On average there are 2 400-3 200 seeds/kg. Under ideal conditions seeds germinate within 50 days.
Entada abyssinica	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There are 3600-4200 seeds/kg.
Entandrophragma utile	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox, seeds tolerate dessication to 4% moisture content, 92% germinate following 240 days subsequent hermetic storage at 2 deg C. Soaking in water for 12 hours hastens germination. Seeds are hand picked and there are 1 880 seeds/kg. Seed damage by insects can be prevented by adding ash in storage containers.
Enterolobium cyclocarpum	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; seeds tolerate desiccation to 10.7% mc. Seeds remain viable for several years under cool, dry conditions and can be easily stored under normal conditions. There are 900-1200 seeds/kg.
Erythrina caffra	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Before seeds are stored they should be sun dried for 1 day after residues of the pod have been removed. They can be stored for several years, retaining a high percentage of viability. Storage should be in tightly closed containers, in a cool, dry place. For long-term storage, seeds should be kept in a low-temperature seed-storage facility (approximately 5 deg. C and 30-40% r.h.), and those damaged by insects and disease should be discarded.
Erythrina fusca	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox.
Erythrina indica	The seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Seeds germinate well (60-75% for fresh seeds); they can be stored for a long time if kept in cool, dry and insect free conditions. There are about 4500-6250 seeds/kg.
Erythrina poeppigiana	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. The seeds may be stored for several years in tightly closed containers in a cool, dry place (about 5 deg. C, 30-40% r.h.). There are about 4500 seeds/kg. Immersing the seeds in water at room temperature for 24 hours enhances germination. The germination rate is about 70%.
Eucalyptus camaldulensis	Orthodox storage behaviour for 3-10 years; viability maintained for 4 years in hermitic storage at room temperature; viability maintained for several years in hermitic storage at 3 deg. C with 6-10% mc. A fully grown E. camaldulensis tree may produce a million or more seeds annually, and may continue so for a century (Lars Schmidt, 2000). There are 700 000-800 000 seeds/kg.
Eucalyptus citriodora	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability is lost within 3 years in hermetic storage at room temperature with 13 + or - 2% mc. Hermetic storage at 4-6% mc and subzero temperatures is recommended. There are 140 000-220 000 seeds/kg.
Eucalyptus deglupta	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. The seeds are short lived at room temperature, but longevity is maintained in hermetic storage at 3-5 deg. C and -20 deg. C. There are 2,000,000 seeds/kg.
Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; 4% germination following 10 years of open storage at room temperature. Viability is maintained for 4 years in hermetic storage at room temperature. Viability is lost within 3 years in hermetic storage at room temperature with 13 ± 2% mc. Hermetic storage at 4-6% mc and subzero temperatures is recommended. Viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 6-10% mc. Pollen may be stored at -16 deg. C for 1 year. There are approximately 70 000-100 000 seeds/kg.
Eucalyptus grandis	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; 4% germination after 10 years open storage at room temperature; viability maintained for 4 years in hermetic storage at room temperature with 11-15% mc; hermetic storage at 4-6% mc and subzero temperatures is recommended; viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 6-10% mc. There are approximately 650 000 viable seeds/kg.
Eucalyptus maculata	There are 110 000 seeds/kg. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Seeds can be maintained for several years in hermitic storage at 3 deg. C with 6-10 % moisture content.
Eucalyptus nitens	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Hermetic storage at 4-6% mc and subzero temperatures is recommended. There are approximately 260 000 viable seeds/kg.
Eucalyptus robusta	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; hermetic storage at 4 - 6% mc and subzero temperatures is recommended; viability can be maintained for 4 years in hermetic storage at room temperature; seeds will retain much of their germination capacity for at least 10 years even if they are stored in uncontrolled conditions; seed size varies considerably. A single gram of seed may contain 140-1000 seeds, although 400-600 seeds/g is most common; usually only 45-80% of the seeds are viable.
Eucalyptus saligna	Storage behaviour is orthodox; hermetic storage at 4-6% mc and subzero temperatures is recommended; viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 6-10% mc. The mean number of viable seeds is 560 000/kg.
Eucalyptus tereticornis	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 6-10% mc. A germination rate of 8% following 10 years of open storage at room temperature has been reported. There are approximately 320 000-600 000 viable seeds/kg.
Faidherbia albida	Early seed collection is recommended to avoid heavy infestation by bruchid beetles. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; there is no loss after 1 year in hermetic storage at 4 deg. C; viability maintained for several years in hermitic storage at 10 deg. C with 6-10% mc. When treated with insecticides and kept in simple closed containers, seed can be stored for several years. There are 11 500-20 000 seeds/kg.
Flacourtia indica	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; viability can be maintained for over 1 year in air-dry hermetic storage at 5 deg. C.
Flemingia macrophylla	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There are 45 000-97 000 seeds/kg.
Genipa americana	Mature fruits fall to the ground. Collecting fruits directly from the tree is done when the colour changes to greenish grey. A tree of 15-20 years can produce 400-600 fruits The freshly harvested fruits are packed in bags that allow for ventilation and protection from direct sunlight. At the processing site, the fruits are soaked in water and macerated in order to remove the pulp. The extracted seeds are spread out on mesh wire and left to dry in the shade in a well-ventilated place because of the high moisture content. At the time of harvest, the seeds have moisture content of almost 50% (this value is for seeds extracted without using water), which should be dried to below some 15%. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There are 10000 seeds/kg.
Gleditsia triacanthos	After harvest, pods should be stored at 0 deg. C to prevent fermentation. If bruchid seed weevils (Amblycerus robiniae) are present in the pods, it will prevent them from spreading within the pods. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. A few seeds germinated after 50 years in storage at 4% mc and ambient temperature; viability was maintained for several years in hermetic air-dry storage at 0-8 deg. C. Seed yield averages 5200 seeds/kg (3300-14 300, depending on the seed source) with high purity and soundness.
Gliricidia sepium	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability is maintained for 12 months in open storage. There are about 8500 seeds/kg.
Gmelina arborea	Viable seeds should be collected from standing trees of superior phenotype. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 7-10% mc. On average, there are 1400 seeds/kg.
Grevillea robusta	Collection of seeds from mature trees is very difficult because the seeds are borne on thin and inaccesible branches at great heights and are easily lost during collection. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; whole seed have 28.5% mc; 60-70% germination following 2 years of hermetic storage at -7 deg. C with 10% mc; 35% germination following 12 months of open storage. Seeds were maintained for 4 years in commercial storage conditions; viability was maintained for 2 years in hermetic air-dry storage at 3 deg. C. There are between 24 000 and 105 000 seeds/kg.
Guazuma ulmifolia	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There are 100 000-225 000 seeds/kg.
Hagenia abyssinica	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; hermetic air-dry storage at cool temperatures is recommended. On average, there are 400 000-500 000 seeds/kg.
Hymenaea courbaril	Seeds germinate in 20-30 days with 40-90% success. Scarification of seeds by nicking or soaking for 1 hour in concentrated sulphuric acid increases germination percentage and reduces germination time. Orthodox seed storage behaviour; seeds can be stored for as long as 12 months in dry conditions with little loss of viability. Seeds that are to be stored for more than 1 year should be refrigerated at 2-4 deg. C in a sealed container; germination following 2 years in hermetic air-dry storage at 3-5 deg. C was 29%. There are approximately 270 seeds/kg.
Irvingia gabonensis	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox.
Jacaranda mimosifolia	Orthodox seed storage behaviour; viability is maintained for at least 12 months in open storage at room temperature. Seeds tolerate desiccation to moisture content in equilibrium with 15% rh at 25 deg. C, no loss in viability in subsequent storage in liquid nitrogen at -20 deg. C. There are about 59 000 seeds/kg.
Juniperus procera	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 7-8% mc. There are about 40 000-50 000 seeds/kg. Due to the hard seed coat, hot water or acid pretreatment is recommended; immersing the seed in hot water at 100 deg. C, for 1 minute or soaking in sulphuric acid for 10 minutes increases germination rate. Stratification in damp sand at 3 deg. C for 60 days is another alternative. On average, mature and pretreated seeds have a germination rate of 60-70% within 25-80 days.
Khaya ivorensis	There is a rapid loss of seed viability. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; seeds tolerate desiccation to 6% mc, 44% germinate following 2 years subsequent hermetic storage at 2 deg. C. There are 3200-7600 seeds/kg.
Kigelia pinnata	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; viability is maintained for more than 3 years in hermetic storage at ambient temperature with 11-15% mc; dry seeds store well in a cool place. There are approximately 9700 seeds/kg.
Lagerstroemia speciosa	There are 165 000-235 000 seeds/kg. Seed storage behaviour appears to be orthodox. Viability maintained after 2 years hermetic storage at room temperature. Germination increases during the first 3-12 months of storage (Hong et.al, 1996).
Lawsonia inermis	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; long-term storage is feasible. On average, there are about 700 000 seeds/kg.
Leucaena diversifolia	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at room temperature with 5-8% mc. There are 60 000-80 000 seeds/kg.
Leucaena leucocephala	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability can be maintained for 20 years in open storage at room temperature; seeds germinate after 99 years in a herbarium; viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at room temperature with 5-8% mc. There are 15 000-20 000 seeds/kg.
Liquidambar styraciflua	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox with no loss in viability during 9 years of hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 5-10% mc; initial viability was maintained for at least 4 years in hermetic storage at 4 deg. C with 10-15% mc; seeds tolerate desiccation to 3.2% mc, no loss in viability occurs after 10 years of hermetic storage at -18 deg. C with 3.2-13.6% mc; 30% viability lost at 10 deg. C with 8.4% mc; considerable loss (80%) at 4 deg. C with 3.2% and 8.4% mc; and complete loss at 4 deg. C or 10 deg. C with 13.6 mc. There are about 178 600 seeds/kg.
Macaranga tanarius	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There are approximately 54 500 dry seeds/kg.
Maesopsis eminii	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; viability can be maintained for 1 year at cool temperatures with dry seeds; viability is maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 4-9% mc. There are 700-1000 seeds/kg when the pericarp is removed.
Mallotus philippensis	M. philippensis seed is collected from branches with mature fruit. Mature seed is classified as orthodox and is robust in its storage requirements. Dried seeds can be stored in gunny bags or in tins in a dry place for up to 6 months without losing viability.
Manihot glaziovii	Seed storage is orthodox: dry seeds (10 %) survive 24 hrs in liquid nitrogen. Seeds tolerate desiccation to 3.7 % mc when they do not lose viability in subsequent hermitic storage at -200 deg C.
Markhamia lutea	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox, but seeds are better sown fresh. After extraction, seeds can be dried in the sun to 5-10% mc. Mature and properly dried seeds can be stored in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C for several years with no loss in viability. On average, there are about 75 000 seeds/kg.
Melaleuca quinquenervia	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; no loss in viability after 4 years of storage at 30% and up to 75% rh at 10 deg. C. There are about 2 661 400 viable seeds/kg.
Melia azedarach	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability is maintained for 1-3 years in hermetic storage at room temperature with 11-15 % mc. There are 470-2800 seeds/kg.
Melia volkensii	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox, and viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at room temperature with 11-15% mc. Preliminary results on germination trials at the Kenya Forestry Seed Centre, using seeds stored for 3 months at -3 deg. C, obtained a mean germination of 3%. Other reports from the centre are that mature and properly dried 'stones' can be stored in air-tight containers at a temperature of 3 deg. C for several years without damage. Seeds were extracted with a pocket knife before a seed extractor was designed in 1994. On average, there are 200 extracted seeds/kg, depending on provenance and the climatic conditions of the ripening year.
Michelia champaca	There are 10 000-29 500 seeds/kg. Seed storage behavior probably orthodox. Seed viability can be maintained by moist storage at 5 deg C for about 7 months or in pits at 13 deg C for about 4 months.
Millettia dura	There are 6 000-10 000 seeds per kilogram. Germination is very good – up to 80% in 20 days. Soaking in cold water for 6 hours and seed coat nipping improves germination. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox but should be kept dry and insect free. Ash may be added to reduce insect damage.
Millettia thonningii	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox, long-term storage at IITA Genebank.
Mimosa pigra	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox under long-term storage. The oldest recorded collection is 4 years old.
Mimosa scabrella	Orthodox seed storage behaviour; viability is maintained for at least 3-5 years when stored in cold chambers. There are 65 000-70 000 seeds/kg.
Moringa oleifera	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 5-8% mc. Seeds should be collected from well-developed pods, but difficulties arise because seeds drop continually.
Morus alba	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox, with viability being maintained for several years in hermetic storage at room temperature; more than 3 years of hermetic storage at room temperature with 13-2% mc. There are about 1.1 million seeds/kg.
Morus nigra	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; storage in airtight hermetic storage at -20 deg. C is recommended.
Musanga cecropioides	The seeds are reportedly very difficult to raise artificially however, the seeds may show orthodox seed storage behaviour. There are 24 000 seeds/kg which appear to remain viable for years.
Nauclea diderrichii	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. The seed is extracted by drying then pounding the fruit in a mortar. Dry seed retains its viability for over a year. There are about 1 million seeds/kg.
Olea capensis	Seed storage behaviour appears to be orthodox. Storage of the seed is not advisable without refrigeration facilities: if these are available a low temperature 3 deg. C should be used. There are 3 000-3 300 seeds/kg.
Olea europaea ssp. africana	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 6-10% mc. The seeds can be stored at dry room temperature for a few years. There are approximately 13 800 seeds/kg.
Paraserianthes falcataria	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There is no loss in viability during 1.5 years in air-dry storage at 4-8 deg. C. For storage, seeds are air dried for 24 hours and then packed in polythene bags. When stored at 4-8 deg. C, the germination rate after 18 months may still be 70-90%. There are 38 000-44 000 seeds/kg.
Parinari curatellifolia	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; viability can be retained for over 2 years. There are 250-350 seeds/kg.
Parkia biglobosa	Orthodox storage behaviour; no loss in viability during 1 year of hermetic storage at 4 deg. C. There are about 2800-6700 seeds/kg.
Parkinsonia aculeata	Storage behaviour is orthodox; viability can be maintained following 3 years of hermetic storage at room temperature with 13% ± 2% mc. Seeds store well for long periods in cool, dry, airtight containers. Pretreatment for germination is not essential. However, if the seeds are soaked in water for 3-4 days or scarified and then soaked in warm water for 1 day, germination will be faster. The germination rate is 30-70% or more in 2-10 days. There are about 11 000-15 000 seeds/kg.
Paulownia imperialis	Orthodox storage behaviour; 85-93% germination after 3 years hermetic storage at 4 deg. C. There are between 4 and 6 million seeds/kg, or about 6200 seeds/g.
Peltophorum africanum	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; viability has been maintained following 3 years hermetic storage at room temperature with 13 + or -2% mc; approximately 1200-3300 seeds/kg.
Peltophorum pterocarpum	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Germination is hastened by scarifying one end of the hard seed coat, softening the seed coat in dilute acid, or immersing the seed in boiling water for 2 minutes followed by soaking it in cold water for one night. Germination has been recorded at 78%.
Phoenix dactylifera	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox, with little loss in viability after 1 year of storage at room temperature; viability can be maintained for 8-15 years at room temperature. Seeds tolerate desiccation to 5.8% mc; no loss in viability after 3 years of subsequent hermetic storage. There are approximately 800 seed/kg.
Phoenix reclinata	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox, and they store well. There are about 900-5000 seeds/kg.
Phytolacca dioica	The species may show orthodox seed storage behaviour. There are approximately 150 000 seeds/kg.
Pinus caribaea	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; viability is lost within 1 year in hermetic storage with seeds at room temperature with 13 ± 2% mc; no loss in viability during 2 years hermetic storage at room temperature; no loss in viability after 5 years of storage at 0-5 deg. C with over 8% mc; hermetic storage at 4.5% mc recommended; about 16% viability lost after 2.7 years of hermetic storage at 8 deg. C. There are 59 000-72 000 seeds/kg, depending on the variety.
Pinus patula	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; viability is maintained for at least 3 years in open storage; a few seeds survive after 21 years of hermetic storage at 5 deg. C; viability can be maintained in hermetic storage for 6 months when seed is stored at room temperature, and for several years when stored at 3 deg. C with 7-10% mc. The number of seeds per kg depends on the provenance and the climatic conditions of the ripening year. On average, there are 143 000 seeds/kg. A purity of 98% can be achieved.
Platycladus orientalis	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There is little loss in viability following 5 years hermetic storage at 0 deg C with 6-8 % moisture content; hermetic air-dry storage recommended. Long-term storage under IPGRI preferred conditions at RBG Kew, WP.
Polyscias fulva	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox, and viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 7-10% mc. On average there are about 310 000 seeds/kg.
Polyscias kikuyuensis	Seed storage behaviour orthodox; seeds tolerate desssication to 4.5% moisture content. Viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage 3 deg C with 7-10% moisture content.
Pongamia pinnata	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox and seeds remain viable for about a year when stored in air-tight containers. There are 1 500-1 700 seeds/kg.
Populus deltoides	Seeds are microbiotic. However, with proper drying and cold storage in sealed containers, their viability can be maintained for several years. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; 50-70% germination following 2 years of hermetic air-dry storage at 2-5 deg. C; 21% viability lost after 6 years of hermetic storage at -20 deg. C with 6-10% mc; 24-100% viability lost after 10 years hermetic storage at -18 deg. C with 8.4-13.5% mc.
Populus euphratica	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; hermetic storage at subzero temperatures with less than 6% mc recommended for long-term storage. P. euphratica seeds remain viable for about 3 weeks when kept at room temperature. Viability of seeds can be prolonged to 1 year if the seeds are stored in sealed bottles and kept in a refrigerator. Properly dried seeds with 4-5% mc stored in vacuum-packed jars and kept at a temperature of 0-20 deg. C remain viable for 3-5 years.
Prosopis africana	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There are 7 500-8 000 seeds/kg.
Prosopis alba	Seed storage behavior orthodox.
Prosopis chilensis	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at room temperature with 5-9% mc. There are about 36 000 seeds/kg.
Prosopis glandulosa	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; no loss in viability after 3 years of storage at -15 deg. C. There are about 30 000 seeds/kg.
Prosopis juliflora	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; 60% germination following 50 years storage; viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 10 deg. C with 5-9% mc; no loss in viability following 24 hours of immersion in liquid nitrogen for seeds at 7% mc and 5% mc. There are 20 000-26 000 seeds/kg.
Prosopis tamarugo	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox.
Pseudosamanea guachapele	There are between 23 000 and 29 000 seeds /kg. The recommended seed pre-treatment methods are either manual scarification or hot water treatment. The seed is immersed in very hot water (90 deg C) for two minutes then transferred to cold water. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox.
Psidium guajava	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; seeds at 6% mc survive 24 hours in liquid nitrogen; no loss in viability following 66 months hermetic storage at -20 deg. C with 5.5% mc.
Pterocarpus angolensis	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There are about 4 200 seeds/kg.
Pterocarpus erinaceus	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox.
Pterocarpus lucens	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox, and seeds can be stored for up to 4 years under favourable conditions. There are about 5 000 seeds/kg.
Pterocarpus soyauxii	Seed storage behaviour orthodox.
Pycnanthus angolensis	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There are about 500 seeds/kg.
Rhamnus prinoides	Fresh seed is collected from the tree. The fleshy part is then removed (it contains a growth inhibitor) and the seeds are dried in the shade. Seed storage behaviour of Rhamnus species is orthodox; 3% germination followed 12 years of air-dry storage at 40% rh and 4 deg. C. There about 60 000 seeds/kg.
Robinia pseudoacacia	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; seeds are safely dried to 4% mc, and a few seeds germinate after 50 years of storage at room temperature; viability is maintained for 10 years or more in air-dry storage at 0-5 deg. C; dry seeds survive overnight in liquid nitrogen. There are about 50 000 seeds/kg.
Salvadora persica	Seed storage is orthodox; seeds can be stored with low moisture content. There are about 3400 seeds/kg.
Santalum album	Good seed is reported from trees over 20 years of age. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; no loss in viability after 2 years storage at room temperature (seed longevity declines rapidly at room temperature); viability is reduced from 90-15% after 3 years storage at 7 deg. C with 30-45% r.h. Seeds tolerate desiccation to 2% mc, and no loss in viability is observed after 16 months hermetic storage at 4 deg. C with 3-10% mc. On average there are 4 300-6 800 seeds/kg.
Schinus molle	Orthodox storage behaviour; viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 10 deg. C with 9-12% mc. There are 31 000-44 000 seeds/kg.
Sclerocarya birrea ssp. caffra	Orthodox seed storage behaviour, although viability is lost in 1 month in open storage. Seeds store well in air-dry storage at cool temperatures. There are approximately 400 seeds/kg.
Senna siamea	Storage behaviour is orthodox. Mature seed has a hard seed coat, and scarification is required. Immersion in concentrated sulphuric acid for 10-30 min has been effective. With the 1st method, germination is about 90% within 60 days. Germination of untreated seeds is about 75% in 4-29 days. Viability can be maintained for 3 years in hermetic storage at room temperature with 11-15% mc. There are 35 000-45 000 seeds/kg.
Senna singueana	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Well-dried seeds stored in airtight containers remain viable for more than three years. A purity of 99% can be achieved. There are 13 000 seeds/kg. Ripe fruits collected direct from tree branches and seeds can be extracted by water maceration, thresher machine or opening the fruits by hand. Under ideal conditions, the seeds germinate within 8-10 days. The average germination rate of mature, healthy and freshly sown seed is 78%.
Senna spectabilis	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; under cool dry conditions, seeds can be stored for up to 2 years. There are about 39 000 seeds/kg. Seeds are pretreated by immersing them in boiling water, allowing them to cool and soaking them for 24 hours.
Sesbania bispinosa	Seeds are dried in the sun to maintain their viability and to protect them from fungal attack and grain pests like weevils. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; a germination rate of 24% has been recorded following 41 years of open storage at room temperature.
Sesbania grandiflora	Seed storage is orthodox. Due to the lack of a seed coat, if viability is to be maintained, the species should be stored in sealed containers at a temperature of 4 deg. C or less and mc of less than 10%. Viability can also maintained for 2 years in open storage at room temperature. Seed weight is 17 000-30 000 seeds/kg.
Sesbania macrantha	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There are approximately 20 000 seeds/kg.
Sesbania sesban	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability can be maintained for 2 years in open storage at room temperature. There are 85 000-100 000 seeds/kg.
Spathodea campanulata	Seed storage behaviour is recalcitrant; seed should be sown fresh. From its seed size, the species might be able to show orthodox storage behaviour. There are about 125 000 seeds/kg.
Spondias mombin	Seed have orthodox storage behaviour; 50% germination after 27 months in air-dry storage at 2-5 deg. C.
Sterculia foetida	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; there are no problems with long term storage. There are about 635 seeds/kg.
Sterculia urens	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability is maintained for more than 3 years in hermetic storage at room temperature with 13 % moisture content. There are about 5 300 seeds/kg.
Strychnos cocculoides	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; seeds are short lived - at most 2 months at room temperature. There are about 1800 seeds/kg.
Strychnos henningsii	Pulp should be removed from the seed before sowing. Seeds exhibit orthodox storage behaviour.
Strychnos spinosa	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; long-term storage. There are about 1800 seeds/kg.
Swietenia humilis	Seeds storage is orthodox, S. humilis seeds are predicted to survive well for 266 years under optimal storage conditions.
Tamarindus indica	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; no loss in viability during 1 years of hermetic storage at 4 deg. C; and viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 10 deg. C with 7-15% mc. There are approximately 350-1 000 seeds/kg.
Tamarix aphylla	The viability of the recalcitrant seed in open storage is very low, perhaps not more than 1 week, each day of storage diminishes the germinative capacity and therefore success could only be achieved with the immediate sowing. Based on seed size and ecology, the species may show orthodox seed storage behavior. There are 100 000-286 000 seeds/kg.
Taxus baccata	The seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There are about 8000 seeds/kg.
Tecoma stans	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox, and seeds can be stored for long periods under ideal conditions.
Tectona grandis	To reduce bulk in storage, the seed can be husked by rubbing it over a sieve. Another method is to load seed and large river gravel into a cement mixer. The seed can then be ‘floated’ off. Stumps, used for propagation, can be stored for up to a year. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability can be maintained for at least 7 years in hermetic, air-dry storage at room temperature; there is no loss in viability after 7 years in hermetic, air-dry storage at 0-4 deg. C with 12% mc. Seed can be maintained for 10 years in hermetic, air-dry storage at 2 deg. C. There are 800-2 000 seeds/kg.
Tephrosia candida	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. No loss in viability following 3 years in either open storage or hermetic storage at room temperature with 13% ± 2% mc. There are between 300 and 500 seeds/kg.
Tephrosia vogelii	Orthodox seed storage behaviour; no loss in viability over 2-3 years in open storage. Air-dried seed can be stored in sealed containers for at least 1.5 years. Preferably, fresh seed should be stored for 2 months before planting.
Terminalia arjuna	Ripe fruits can be collected from the trees themselves or from the ground below trees. They are usually dried in the shade for a month, and the fibrous ribs are usually reduced by rubbing with the hands. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. The mature seeds are viable for 1 year when stored in dry gunny bags or in open or closed glass bottles
Terminalia brownii	Care should be taken to inspect all seeds of insect damage. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox with seeds tolerating desiccation to 10% mc. Viability can be maintained for at least 1 year in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 10-12% mc. On average, there are about 3 000 seeds/kg.
Terminalia catappa	Orthodox seed storage behaviour; seeds remain viable for a long time and germinate readily, even after floating in water for long distances. There are 150-860 seeds/kg.
Terminalia ivorensis	Orthodox seed storage behaviour; seeds maintained viability at 8.6% mc. Seeds can be stored in room temperature for up to 3 or 4 months. If stored in airtight containers at temperatures of 5 to -5 deg. C, they can be stored for up to 1 year. Can also be stored as dry fruit. There are 5500-7300 seeds/kg.
Terminalia prunioides	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox, and viability can be maintained for at least 1 year in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 10-12% mc. On average there are about 8 200 seeds/kg.
Tetrapleura tetraptera	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox, and there are about 6 290 seeds/kg.
Thespesia populnea	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox.
Tipuana tipu	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox, and seeds can be stored for up to 3 months at room temperature. There are 1 600-5 000 seeds/kg.
Tithonia diversifolia	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; the oldest collection is 8 years old.
Toona ciliata	Orthodox seed storage behaviour; 90% germination after 12 months’ storage in polythene bags at 5-8 deg. C with 34-12.9% mc; complete loss of viability after 3 months at room temperature. There are 280 000-425 000 seeds/kg.
Toona sureni	Seeds are collected when the fruits turn brown, but before they open by shaking or cutting the branches. Late seed collection results in heavy seed losses due to the opened fruits. Fruits are dried in the sun for 1-2 days until they open. After de-winging the seeds are separated by winnowing. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There are about 64000/kg.
Treculia africana	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There are 4500-5000 seeds/kg.
Triplochiton scleroxylon	Orthodox seed storage behaviour. Seeds from mature fruit tolerate desiccation to 5-10% mc, but viability is lost after 5 years of subsequent storage at 0-5 deg. C. Fruit (not seeds) harvested at 70% mc tolerates desiccation to 11.5% mc, but further desiccation to 7.4% mc reduces viability to 48%; little (5%) loss in viability after 8 months of hermetic storage at 6 deg. C with 7.4% mc, only 28% germination when stored hermitically at 6 deg. C with 13% mc, and no loss in viability when stored hermetically at 18 deg. C with 12.3% mc after the same period of time.
Vangueria infausta	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; seed can retain viability for up to 1 year in storage if dried properly. There are about 500 seeds/kg.
Vitex doniana	Orthodox seed storage behaviour. Dormancy of air-dry stored seeds is considerable; while fresh seeds germinate more easily, moist storage at 3-5 deg. C for up to a year is possible. There are 1000 seeds/kg.
Vitex keniensis	Orthodox seed storage behaviour. Seeds tolerate desiccation to 8.5% mc. Viability can be maintained for at least 1 year in hermetic storage at 3 deg. C with 5.5-9.5% mc. There are about 2 500 seeds/kg.
Vochysia guatemalensis	Seed collection normally begins two months after flowering and before the fruits begin to open. The fruits are collected from the trees when they change from light to dark green and lines of division between locules become marked. Seeds should never be collected from the ground as they are quickly infected by fungi. On average, a mature tree can be expected to produce one kg of seed. The seeds do not mature at the same time and it may be necessary to collect several times from a seed source during the season. After collection the seeds are transported in jute sacks to the processing site, where they are dried in the shade for 2-3 days or until the capsules open. Fresh seeds have a moisture content of 45-55%. Sun drying of either fruits or seeds should be avoided as it may affect viability. The seeds storage behavior is orthodox. There are 3500-4800 fresh seeds and 7000-8000 dry seeds/kg.
Warburgia salutaris	W. salutaris is classified as recalcitrant; however, with dry seed viability can be maintained for 6 months at cool temperatures; storability is intermediate between orthodox and recalcitrant. Seed can be stored for a short time in moist sawdust at 3 deg. C. More investigation is needed. There are approximately 10 500 seeds/kg.
Warburgia ugandensis	W. ugandensis is classified as recalcitrant; however, with dry seed, viability can be maintained for 6 months at cool temperatures, storability is intermediate between orthodox and recalcitrant. In the short term, seeds can be stored in moist sawdust at 3 deg. C. Based on fruit structure, seed size and natural habitats, seed of this species may not be recalcitrant. More investigation is needed. A purity of 98% can be achieved. On average, there are 10 000 seed/kg, depending on the provenance and the climatic conditions of the ripening year.
Xylopia aethiopica	In West Africa, harvesting time runs from February to May and again from August to October. The fruits are harvested with the inflorescence. After picking, the fruits are sun-dried for 4-7 days. After drying, the fruits are removed from the inflorescence stalks. Fruits should not be dried on the ground, but on a protective cloth, net, screen or shelving system to minimize any microbial contamination. Typical fruit yields are about two to three metric tons per annum per hectare. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox.
Zelkova serrata	Seeds show recalcitrant behaviour and should not be allowed to dry, or viability is rapidly lost. Stored seed requires cold stratification and should be sown as early in the year as possible.
Ziziphus abyssinica	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; the seeds should be stored at low temperature. There are about 1700 seeds/kg.
Ziziphus mauritiana	Orthodox storage behaviour, viability maintained for 2 years in hermetic air-dry storage at 5 deg. C. The germination rate increases during the 1st year of storage. The cleaned stones can be kept for 5 years in sealed containers, although during this period the viability drops from 95% to 30%. Z. mauritiana has 3300 pyrenes/kg.
Ziziphus mucronata	Orthodox storage behaviour; viability maintained for 2 years in hermetic air-dry storage at 5 deg. C. There are 500-2000 seeds/kg.
Zizyphus nummularia	Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There are 1800-2000 seeds/Kg
Zizyphus spina-christi	There are 15 000 seeds/kg. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability is maintained in hermitic air-dry storage and cool temperatures. The hard, woody shells of the seeds should be cracked with a hammer and the shelled seeds soaked overnight in lukewarm water or scarified in concentrated sulphuric acid for 2 hours then cold stratified before planting.