World Agroforestry Centre | agroforestree database 4.0

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This database provides detailed information on a total of 670 agroforestry tree species. It is intended to help field workers and researchers in selecting appropriate species for agroforestry systems and technologies.

For each species, the database includes information on identity, ecology and distribution, propagation and management, functional uses, pests and diseases and a bibliography.

This project has been funded by the British Department for International Development (DFID, the European Union and the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF).

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Artocarpus camansi	Breadnut trees begin producing at 8–10 years of age. The fruiting season is October-May, with some fruits available into July in Hawaii, whereas in the Philippines it begins fruiting in April or May. The trees grow widely scattered in the forest and are dispersed by birds, flying foxes, and arboreal mammals that feed on the flesh and drop the large seeds. Seeds quickly germinate and will often sprout inside the fallen fruits.
Barringtonia procera	Cutnut flowers are bisexual. Bees forage on the flowers and act as pollinators. In the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea, flowering occurs two to three times per year with two peak seasons occurring in May-June and October-November each year, although low off-season fruiting does occur. Trees begin flowering as early as 1.5 years, although the average is 3 years. Fruits take about 3 months to reach full size and a further 3-4 weeks to ripen to maturity. The tree’s life span is 80–90 years.
Barringtonia racemosa	Half the flowers bloom simultaneously. Pollination of the fragrant flowers is generally by bats or insects (mainly moths), which are attracted to the copious nectar. After shedding the flowers, the inflorescences are often crowded with ants attracted by the nectar. A comparatively high percentage of the fruit is seedless. As the fibrous coat makes the fruit buoyant in water, it may be carried great distances.
Bucida buceras	Flowering occurs throughout the year in Puerto Rico and in Florida it takes place in spring. Flowers may be staminate or perfect. Fruits mature in about 3 months, are light, easily blown away by strong winds and float on water.
Colubrina arborescens	C. a arborescens blooms from spring to fall in Puerto Rico and throughout the year in Florida. In Hawaii, the principal fruiting season occurs from May through July, with a smaller harvest from November through January. Insect pollinates the flowers. Besides minor movement by gravity, wind, and water, the fruits pop open when dry to fling the seeds a short distance.
Dalbergia sissoo	At 9 months, D. sissoo starts producing flowers profusely. The small bisexual flowers are borne on small branches from the leaf axis. Little is known of pollination biology and breeding system. The species appears to be insect pollinated, and trees can apparently be both self- and out-crossing to varying degrees, depending on local conditions. Flowering closely follows leaf flushing; leaves fall and young flower buds appear with new leaves followed by complete pod formation and maturity. Mature pods remain attached to the tree for 7-8 months and are then dispersed by wind and water.
Dialium guineense	In Nigeria, the tree flowers from September to October and fruits from October to January. In Ghana, in September to November the tree is covered with small white flowers in panicles; fruit ripens in March to May but may be earlier and may persist longer. Animals, which like to eat the pulp in which the seeds are embedded, help disperse the fruit. However, the fruit can also be transported by water since it floats; transport by sea currents may lead to long-distance dispersal.
Erythrina fusca	The tree flowers when in leaf, and the flowers are frequently visited and pollinated by nectivorous birds. The fruits mature in approximately 2 months. Hybridization is frequent with other Erythrina species. The seeds of E. fusca float in water and at times have been dispersed by ocean currents.
Erythrina variegata	In India old leaves are shed in early autumn, and the tree remains leafless until after flowering during April-May or between January-March. E. variegata is pollinated by birds, and the pods mature from May-July or up to November, green turning black upon ripening. The seeds float and are dispersed naturally by ocean currents.
Eucalyptus deglupta	Flowering may occur within the 1st year but more often it takes place after 2 years and annually thereafter. Flowering can occur in all months of the year, depending on the locality. In Indonesia, E. deglupta flowers the whole year and bears fruit at the beginning of the rainy season. In New Britain, seeds of E. deglupta are often dispersed by rivers. The flooding rivers in the wet season deposit the seeds mixed with humus on uncolonized alluvium in full sunlight. This constitutes ideal conditions for germination.
Genipa americana	In the Amazon, genipap flowers in May-September and fruits in September-April. In Brazil, the tree flowers in November and the fruits appear in the markets in February and March. It takes up to one year for the fruits to mature. The trees begin to set fruits when they are about 6 years old. Bees mostly pollinate the flowers while fruits are dispersed either by water or by animals that feed on the soft pulp surrounding the seeds
Mimosa pigra	M. pigra is a sexually propagated species, but the details of its breeding biology are not yet clear. It flowers every month, but abundant flowering and seed production occur mainly in the rainy season. The development of young inflorescence to anthesis takes 7-9 days, and to pod maturity 28-30 days. The period between flower-bud formation and seed ripening is about 5 weeks. Pods are hirsute, breaking into partially dehiscent segments, each with a seed. Seeds of this prickly shrub spread through river systems by floating downstream. They are also carried between river systems by animals, or in mud on vehicles.
Morinda citrifolia	Flowering and fruiting start in the third year and continue throughout the year. The ability of the seeds to float explains its wide distribution and occurence on many seashores. Inland distribution of the seeds agents are fruit-eating bats and birds.
Morus alba	Flowers are normally bisexual but can be unisexual on different branches of the same plant. Both types appear in stalked, axillary, pendulous catkins in April and May. Fruit ripens and drops off the tree from June to August; water, birds, jackals and human beings often disperse it.
Schinus terebinthifolius	Schinus terebinthifolius is dioecious, has high ecological plasticity, short life cycle and very rapid growth. First seed production may occur at 3 years. The flowers are insect pollinated and seed production is high. Flowering occurs in September to early November. Fruit ripening follows immediately between December and February. Seed dispersal is by animals, particularly birds and mammals including raccoons and possums which account for a major component of dispersal in the USA. Water and gravity are minor dispersal agents.
Sclerocarya birrea ssp. caffra	Most S. birrea ssp. caffra trees are dioecious, and the monoecious ones are predominantly male. The fruit is abscised when ripening commences so that final ripening takes place on the ground. In South Africa flowering occurs from September to November, and fruiting from January to March. Like many riverine species, it is dispersed by water streams and shows adaptation to water dispersal by having air spaces in the fruits.
Shorea javanica	S. javanica is a hermaphroditic, self-incompatible species. Pollen vectors in its natural habitat are insects from the family Thysanoptera. Flowering and fruiting intervals are irregular, possibly every 3-5 years; flowering is gregarious and correlated with a previous drought period. There is a decrease in resin production when the tree is flowering and fruiting, with the tree only gradually reaching its maximum production again 1 year later. Major fruit dispersal agents include wind and water.
Shorea robusta	S. robusta is a hermaphroditic, self-incompatible species. Pollen vectors in its natural habitat are insects from the family Thysanoptera. Heavy flowering of the tropical timber genus Shorea has is usually correlated with the previous drought period. Beginning at about age 15, S. robusta bears fruit regularly every 2 years or so, and a good seed-bearing year can be expected every 3-5 years. Major seed dispersal agents include wind and water.
Tectona grandis	T. grandis is 96-100% self-incompatible. The species is hermaphroditic and pollinated by insects such as black ants, horse flies, and particularly by bees. Fruits mature about 4 months after fertilization. Premature shedding of fruit is a problem. Up to 60% fruit set has been reported following cross-pollination of teak. The individual flower has a 1-day cycle; optimum pollination period is between 1130 h and 1300 h. The height of the tree at the moment of first flowering is important in silviculture. When it is long (it may reach up to 10 m), the final bole form is positively affected, but early-flowering trees may develop extremely wide crowns and short boles. This characteristic is clearly undesirable in timber-crop species and warrants strong selection against flowering in conjunction with increased effort to develop commercial methods of vegetative propagation. The time of the 1st inflorescence is determined by both genetic and environmental factors. In Thailand, flowering normally starts at the age of 8 to 10 years. However, trees have been observed to flower at the age of 3 months, while a few specimens of superior phenotype did not flower until the age of 27 years. Flowers usually appear during the rainy season, and trees tend to flower synchronously. In Thailand, flowering occurs in June-September and fruiting in November-January. In Java, trees flower every year at the beginning of the rainy season (October-November) and only a few flowers (about 1%) develop into fruits. Fruits fall gradually during the dry season. Although natural fruit set in Thailand is low (0.5-5%), 6 to 60% of fruit set can be achieved by artificial pollination. Fruits develop to full size about 50 days after pollination. They are dispersed by wind over 10-15 m and also by running water after heavy rainfall.
Terminalia catappa	During winter in Florida, especially after a sudden rain, flowers are shed all at once and are quickly replaced with lustrous, silky, purplish new foliage. In Asia, there is a foliage change twice a year. T. catappa flowers up to 3 times a year. The ratio of male to hermaphroditic (female) florets is 16:1. Terminalia has an effective system of self-incompatibility. Various insects (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera) pollinate the flowers. The fruit are eaten and the seeds distributed by fruit bats and birds. The seeds float and can be carried considerable distances on the oceans and still remain viable.
Thespesia populnea	Trees flower and fruit throughout the year. The yellow flowers open about mid-morning, turning reddish-orange in the afternoon, then fading to pink on the tree and not falling off for several days. Pollination is probably by birds. The seed floats in sea water, making natural distribution by sea currents possible.
Tithonia diversifolia	The plant flowers and produces seeds throughout the year. The light-weight seeds can easily be dispersed by wind, water and animals.