Agroforestree Database

Local names:
 Afrikaans (esseboom,essenhout), Amharic (lol,sombo), Bemba (mwela), English (dog plum,ekebergia,Cape ash), Lozi (munyonga,mungombayami), Lunda (mupembe), Tongan (mumbafwe), Xhosa (umGwenyezinja), Zulu (uVungu,uManaye,umGwenya-wezinja,umNyamathi,uSimanaye

Ekebergia capensis is an evergreen or semi-deciduous, medium-sized to large tree, 7-20 (max. 35) m tall. Stem swollen at base; may be tall and fluted in forests and much shorter or unfluted in the open; it may also be buttressed. Branching is erect, then spreading and finally drooping, giving a moderately heavy, flattish crown; 2nd year branchlets slender, usually less than 6 mm in diameter, marked by old, circular leaf scars and conspicuously dotted with white lenticels. Bark grey, grey-brown to almost black, often mottled, smooth or rough, sometimes flaking in small circles or squares; slash red with white streaks.

Leaves compound, 10-36 cm long, 8-18 cm broad, with common midrib, sometimes slightly winged, alternate; stalks jointed to the stem and leaving a scar on falling. Leaflets usually in 3-5 pairs, occasionally up to 7, with a terminal leaflet, leathery, opposite, almost stalkless and smooth; may be long and rather narrow, tapering to the point, broadly oval or almost egg-shaped, glossy green; sessile.

Flowers small, greenish-yellow or white, occasionally touched with pink, 5-petalled, borne in panicles that are long, branching heads, in the axils of leaves; male and female on different trees, sweetly scented, produced in loose sprays about 8 cm long. Each panicle consists of 12-70 flowers, making the tree very conspicuous when in full bloom.

Fruits round, resembling small apples, thin skinned, almost spherical, 1-2 cm in diameter, succulent, with a faint onionlike taste, sweet scent, long stalks, turning pink to bright red when mature with a whitish flesh; drying and splitting to release seeds. Seeds white, oval, 2-4 or occasionally only 1.

The generic name, ‘Ekebergia’, is in honour of Captain Carl Gustaf Ekeberg (1716-1784); the specific name, ‘capensis’, means ‘of the Cape’.

Ecology

E. capensis can tolerate slight drought conditions and very light frost but is tender to severe frost. It occurs in a variety of habitats including high-altitude evergreen forests, riverine forests and coastal sandveld; it is an occasional tree of sub-montane and swamp forests; it is rare on anthills in miombo and savannah woodland. It also occurs in scrub, both along the coast and inland, where it may be stunted or gnarled. E. capensis is found in most parts of Zambia except for the northwest corner and most of Luapula Province. Outside Zambia, it extends in a belt down the eastern side of the continent from Ethiopia through Kenya, Tanzania and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo to the Cape, South Africa. Trees are found in most of the forests of South Africa from the Cape to Swaziland and the Transvaal, although not plentiful in the Amatola Mountains. It is a threatened species in Uganda and a protected tree in South Africa.

Native range
Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cote d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Tree management

Trees are fairly fast-growing. Young trees should be protected from cattle and game for the 1st 2 years. This is a fast-growing species with a growth rate of up to 1 m/year; it responds well to watering.

Seed storage behaviour is uncertain; 52% germination is observed with seeds at 21% mc, 39% germination after 9 months of subsequent storage at 4 deg. C. There are 2900-8600 seeds/kg.

E. capensis can tolerate slight drought conditions and very light frost but is tender to severe frost. It occurs in a variety of habitats including high-altitude evergreen forests, riverine forests and coastal sandveld; it is an occasional tree of sub-montane and swamp forests; it is rare on anthills in miombo and savannah woodland. It also occurs in scrub, both along the coast and inland, where it may be stunted or gnarled. E. capensis is found in most parts of Zambia except for the northwest corner and most of Luapula Province. Outside Zambia, it extends in a belt down the eastern side of the continent from Ethiopia through Kenya, Tanzania and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo to the Cape, South Africa. Trees are found in most of the forests of South Africa from the Cape to Swaziland and the Transvaal, although not plentiful in the Amatola Mountains. It is a threatened species in Uganda and a protected tree in South Africa.

Trees are easily propagated from fresh seeds, which do not require pretreatment, but the fleshy part must be removed from the seed. Seeds take 8-9 weeks to germinate. If seeds are collected on the ground beneath the tree, germination is usually 40-50%, but it can be as high as 90% if seeds are collected off the tree. Seeds are sown in flat seedling trays filled with a mixture of river sand and compost (5:2), covered with sand not deeper than 5 mm and kept moist. It is best to out-plant seedlings when they are 100-150 mm tall. Wildings and cuttings can also be used to propagate E. capensis.

Erosion control: E. capensis is employed in soil conservation.

  Although the flesh of the fruit is edible, it is not very palatable.

Domestic stock and game (bushbuck, kudu, nyala) readily browse the fresh and fallen leaves, especially during times of drought. Baboons, vervet and samango monkeys, bushpig, bushbuck and nyala eat the fallen fruit beneath the tree. A useful tree to attract fruit eating birds.

Apiculture:  Trees provide forage for bees.

Firewood and charcoal can be obtained from the trees.

Timber:  The heartwood and sapwood are not clearly defined; wood is susceptible to insect attack, is light (air-dry 592 kg/cubic m), soft, with an even grain, easily worked; straw-coloured to light brown; polishes well, but is not very durable. It must be treated with a 10% solution of zinc chloride to protect against insects. Used for furniture, light construction, poles, tool handles, panelling, beams for boat building, sides of wagons, doors, windows, carving, interior carpentry and broom handles.

Shade or shelter:  Trees are worth cultivating for the useful shade they provide; they also act as windbreaks.

Tannin or dyestuff:  The bark contains 7.23% tannin and is used for tanning leather.

Medicine:  A decoction of the root is said to relieve headaches and chronic coughs; leaves provide a remedy for intestinal worms. Bark is used as an emetic and to cure dysentery.

Ornamental: As E. capensis has a non-aggressive root system, it is suitable for large gardens and parks; in South Africa, it has been planted as a street tree.

Intercropping:  Trees may be intercropped with coffee and bananas.