Agroforestree Database

Local names:
 Amharic (tobiaw,ghinda,qimbo), Arabic (dead sea plant,usher,kisher), English (calotrope,calotropis,Dead Sea fruit,desert wick,giant milkweed,swallow-wort,mudar fibre,rubber bush,rubber tree,sodom apple), French (pomme de Sodome,algodón de seda,arbre á so

Calotropis procera is a shrub or small tree up to 2.5 m (max. 6) high, stem usually simple, rarely branched, woody at base and covered with a fissured, corky bark; branches somewhat succulent and densely white tomentose; early glabrescent. All parts of the plant exude a white latex when cut or broken.

Leaves opposite, simple, subsessile, stipule absent; blade oblong-obovate to broadly obovate, 5-30 x 2.5-15.5 cm, apex abruptly and shortly acuminate to apiculate, base cordate, margins entire, succulent, white tomentose when young, later glabrescent and glaucous.

Inflorescence a dense, multiflowered, umbellate cyme arising from the nodes and appearing axillary or terminal; flowers hermaphroditic, pentamerous; pedicle 1-3 cm long; calyx 5-lobed, shortly united at the base, lobes ovate, 4-7 x 3-4 mm, glabrescent.

Fruit, a simple, fleshy, inflated, subglobose to obliquely ovoid follicle up to 10 cm or more in diameter; seeds numerous, flat obovate, 6 x 5 mm, with silky white pappus 3 cm or more long.

The specific name, procera is Latin for tall or high.

Ecology

C. procera is drought-resistant, salt-tolerant to a relatively high degree, and through its wind and animal dispersed seeds, it quickly becomes established as a weed along degraded roadsides, lagoon edges and in overgrazed native pastures. Has a preference for and is often dominant in areas of abandoned cultivation especially sandy soils in areas of low rainfall; assumed to be an indicator of over-cultivation.

Native range
Afghanistan, Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam, Yemen, Republic of, Zimbabwe

Tree management

C. procera has been cultivated in South America and on the Caribbean Islands for the production of fibres at a spacing of 1-1.5 m. When cultivated, annual yields of up to 500 kg/ha are expected. A single harvest per season is preferable to a double (or triple) harvest; a single harvest would result in a net saving of energy input both on the farm and in the processing plant. Well suited for intensive energy farming in arid or semi-arid regions where frost is not a limiting factor.

Seed storage behavoiur is orthodox.

C. procera is drought-resistant, salt-tolerant to a relatively high degree, and through its wind and animal dispersed seeds, it quickly becomes established as a weed along degraded roadsides, lagoon edges and in overgrazed native pastures. Has a preference for and is often dominant in areas of abandoned cultivation especially sandy soils in areas of low rainfall; assumed to be an indicator of over-cultivation.

The tree seeds freely, and natural regeneration is common. Vegetative propagation through half stumps assumes a special importance as compared with the entire stumps because they help in faster multiplication of the parent genotype with plus characters, as each plant gives rise to 2 half stumps. Stumps also help in propagating only 1 plant. Vegetative propagation through stem and root cuttings is very useful in large-scale multiplication of the superior genotypes.

Poison:  The bark and the latex are widely used as arrow and spear poisons. The latex is cardiotoxic with the active ingredient being calotropin. Latex of C. procera is 80% effective in inhibiting the activity of the tobacco mosaic virus. The leafy branches are said to deter ants. 

  The bark and latex are used in brewing and to curdle milk.

Young pods, senescing leaves and flowers are eaten by goats, occasionally by sheep in times of need, and rarely by cattle and other livestock because they are slightly toxic. Nutritional analysis of shade-dried leaves of C. procera shows they contain 94% dry matter, 43% acid detergent fibre, 20% ash, 19% crude protein, 19% neutral detergent fibre, 5% magnesium, 2% oil, 0.59% phosphorus, 0.2% zinc, 0.04% iron and 0.02% calcium.

Stems produce a good charcoal, while the stem pith makes good tinder. Produces an effective and sustained smoky fire, suitable for drying fish. Charcoal has been used for gunpowder in India.

Fibre:  White, silky, strong, cylindrical, flexible and durable stem fibre used for various purposes, such as for making ropes, to form cheap cots, gunny bags, bow strings, fishing nets, and in the manufacture of paper, pulp and duplicating stencils. The floss from the seeds, which is about 2-3.5 cm long, white silky and strong, is used as an inferior stuffing for mattresses and pillows as well as for weaving into a strong cloth. The floss may also substitute cotton wool for surgical purposes. Strong inner bark fibres produce a binding material and are processed into fabrics. 

Timber:  Stems are termite proof and used for roofing and building huts. The very light wood can also be used for fishing net floats. 

Tannin or dyestuff:  A macerated bark extract can be used for dehairing hides and tanning. Additional minor uses includes dyes. 

Medicine:  Compounds derived from the plant have been found to have emeto-cathartic and digitalic properties. The principal active medicinals are asclepin and mudarin. Other compounds have been found to have bactericidal and vermicidal properties. The latex contains a proteolytic enzyme called caloptropaine. An infusion of bark powder is used in the treatment and cure of leprosy and elephantiasis. It is inadvisable to use bark that has been kept for more than a year. The root bark is an emetic, the flower a digestive, and a tonic is used for asthma and catarrh. Bark and wood stimulate lactation in cattle. Roots (extremely poisonous) are applied for snakebite. The milky sap is used as a rubefacient and is also strongly purgative and caustic. The latex is used for treating ringworm, guinea worm blisters, scorpion stings, venereal sores and ophthalmic disorders; also used as a laxative. Its use in India in the treatment of skin diseases has caused severe bullous dermatitis leading sometimes to hypertrophic scars. The local effect of the latex on the conjunctiva is congestion, epiphora and local anaesthesia. The twigs are applied for the preparation of diuretics, stomach tonic and anti-diarrhoetics and for asthma. Also used in abortion, as an anthelmintic, for colic, cough, whooping cough, dysentery, headache, lice treatment, jaundice, sore gums and mouth, toothache, sterility, swellings and ulcers.

Soil improver:  A source of green manure. The plant can help improve soil water conditions and also acts as a soil binder.

Latex or rubber:  The liquid latex of C. procera can be used as a renewable source of hydrocarbons and intermediate energy resources. Latex contains 11-23% of rubber.

Other services:  A suitable indicator of exhausted soil.

Pollution control:  C. procera is an ideal plant for monitoring sulphur dioxide emissions in the air.