Melinda Firds Program Management Unit Assistant
World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang,
Bogor Barat - Indonesia 16115
Tel: +62 2511 8625415
Fax: +62 2511 8625416
Email: icrafseapub@cgiar.org
Migrants, livelihoods and equity: Understanding for Emissions Reduction in Jambi (Sumatra, Indonesia)
Author
Noviana Khususiyah, S. Suyanto and Janudianto
Year
2013
Parent Title
Proceedings Future Direction of Small-scale and Community-based Forestry, September 8-13, 2013, Fukuoka, Japan
Publisher
IUFRO
City of Publication
Fukuoka, Japan
Pages
240-250
Call Number
PP0347-14
Keywords
agroforestry, peatland, rubber, oil palm expansion, income, Gini ratio
Abstract:
Continuing carbon emissions from conversion of peatlands for agriculture or plantation industry are targets
for the Government of lndonesia in achieving a break with 'business as usual', while maintaining national
economic growth. Land use by local farmers and spontaneous migrants to the peatlands in comparison with
that on adjacent mineral soils is a relevant part of the issue, with indicators of equity relevant for pro-poor,
pro-investment policy design for a green economy. The study compared four types of smallholder farming
community in the Tanjung Jabung Barat district of Jambi (Sumatra, Indonesia): local farmers on mineral soils
and peatland parts of the landscape, government-sponsored migrants on the mineral soils and spontaneous
migrants on the peat. Focus group discussions and household survey were employed in the study. Average
income per year per household was higher in mineral soil areas than on peat, suggesting that a shift of
development towards mineral soils can be attractive for emission reduction. The income of transmigration
villagers was about three times that of local villagers, because they grow oil palm and rubber. The older
migrants have invested in coffee agroforestry under betel palms with lower profitability than the oil palm
chosen by more recent migrants prioritize. Equity of income is higher in the peat soil areas than in mineral
soil areas, as indicated by a lower Gini ratio. Financial surplus from oil palm income for transmigration
villagers is used to buy new land from the local community and invest in oil palm expansion, further
increasing the income gaps.
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