References

Please see Appendix A for recommended practical references on tree species, agroforestry systems, reforestation, community participation, fire protection, and other topics related to this manual. You may contact ICRAF for assistance in obtaining copies of these publications.

General references

Dugan, P. 1994. Natural Forest Regeneration and Community Management: the State of Knowledge in Asia. Paper presented at: "Policy Dialogue on Natural Regeneration and Community Management," East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, March 2-4, 1994.

Garrity, D. (ed). 1997. Agroforestry Innovations for Imperata Grassland Rehabilitation. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Boston, London. 284 p.

Menz, K., Magcale-Macandog, D., Rusastra I.W. (ed). 1998. Improving Smallholder Farming Systems in Imperata Areas of Southeast Asia: Alternatives to Shifting Cultivation. ACIAR Monograph No. 52. Brown Prior Anderson, Melbourne. 280 p

van Noordwijk, M. 1994. Agroforestry as Reclamation Pathway for Imperata Grassland Use by Smallholders. Pp. 2-10 in: Proceedings of Panel Discussion on Management of Imperata Control and Transfer of Technology for Smallholder Rubber Farming Systems; Baku Penelitian Sembawa, Pusat Penelitian Karet Indonesia.

van Noordwijk, M., K. Hairiah; S. Partoharjono; R. Labios, D. Garrity. 1997. Food-crop-based production systems as sustainable alternatives for Imperata grasslands? Agroforestry 36:55-82.

Temmes, M. 1992. Reforestation Operations Manual for Alang-alang grasslands. Enso Forest Development OY LTD and FINNIDA in cooperation with the Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia. Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Turvey, N. 1994. Afforestation and rehabilitation oflmperata grasslands in Southeast Asia: Identification of priorities for research, education, training and extension. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Technical Reports No. 28. Pirie Printers, Canberra, Australia.

Chapter 1: Imperata and people

Potter, L. 1997. The dynamics of Imperata: historical overview and current farmer perspectives, with special reference to South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems 36:31-51.

Tomich, T., J. Kuusipalo, K. Menz, and N. Byron. 1997. Imperata economics and policy. Agroforestry Systems 36:233-261.

Chapter 2: Imperata grassland ecology

Garrity, D., M. Soekardi; M. van Noordwijk; R. de la Cruz; P. Pathak; H. Gunasena, N. van So, G. Huijun and N. Majid. 1997. The Imperata grasslands of tropical Asia: area, distribution and typology. Agroforestry Systems 36:3-29.

Chapter 3: Protection from Fire

Dimayuga, M. and M. Malabanan. 1990. How to prevent forest fires. Pp. 211-221 in: Research Information Series on Ecosystems. Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources. College, Laguna, Philippines.

Drilling, M. Elmo. 1995. Grass Pressing: An Effective Technique to Inhibit Grass Growth in Small-scale Grassland Rehabilitation Projects. Paper presented at the International Workshop on Agroforestry Innovations to Rehabilitate Imperata Grasslands. Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. 23-27 January 1995. 8pp.

Mobley, H.; J. Moore; R. Ashley; K. Burton; and H. Peeples. 1979. Planning for Initial Attack. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Area. Forestry Report SA-FR 2. Atlanta, Georgia, USA⁷

RIBAU. 1987. Forest Fire Control System Guidance for the Timber Estate Unit. Resource Institute Bogor Agricultural University, IPB. Bogor.

Terry, P., G. Adjers, I. Akobundu, A. Anoka, M. Drilling, S. Tjitrosemito, and M. Utomo. 1997. Herbicides and mechanical control of Imperata cylindrica as a first step in grassland rehabilitation. Agroforestry Systems 36:151-179.

Wibowo, A., M. Suharti; A. Sagala; H. Hibani; and M. van Noordwijk. 1997. Fire management on Imperata grasslands as part of agroforestry development in Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems 36:203-217.

Chapter 4: Agroforestry

Cairns, M. (Unpublished). Profile of AInus nepalensis-Based Swidden System: A Working Paper. International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, Bogor, Indonesia.

Cairns, M. 1997. Management of Austroeupatorium inufolium- Based Fallows by Minungkabau Farmers in Sumatra, Indonesia. Poster presented at: Indigenous Strategies for Intensification of Shifting Agriculture in Southeast Asia, 23-27 June 1997, Bogor, Indonesia.

Calub, A., H. Anwarhan, and W. Roder. 1995. Livestock in agroforestry systems. Paper presented at: International Workshop on Agroforestry Innovations to Rehabilitate Imperata Grasslands. Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. 23-27 January 1995.

Fairhurst, T. 1996. The rehabilitation of critical land in W. Sumatra. Pp 629-632 in: Proc. 24th Colloquium of the International Potash Institute held at Chiang Mai, Thailand 1995. Basel, Switzerland.

de Foresta, H. and G. Michon. 1997. The agroforest alternative to Imperata grasslands: when smallholder agriculture and forestry reach sustainability. Agroforestry Systems 36:105-120.

Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project. 1994. Growing multipurpose trees on small farms (2nd ed.). Winrock International. Bangkok, Thailand.

Gamty, D. (Unpublished) Conservation Tillage: a Southeast Asian Perspective. International Centre for Research in Agroforestry.

Garrity, D.; S. Suharti; Satyabudi P; R. Winahyu. (Unpublished). The Case of Tiwingan Baru: A Village Creates an Agroforest on a Critical Watershed. International Centre for Research in Agroforestry.

Garrity, D. 1996. Tree-Soil-Crop Interactions on Slopes. Pp. 299-318 in: Tree-Crop Interactions, eds. C.K. Ong and P. Huxley. CAB International.

ICRAF. 1996. Labor-minimizing techniques for establishment and maintenance of contour hedgerows: the cow's back method. Pp. 24-26 in Annual Report 1996, Project 4.6. International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, Bogor, Indonesia.

IIRR. 1990. Agroforestry Technology Information Kit [1st ed.]. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Cavite, Philippines.

IIRR. 1992. Agroforestry Technology Information Kit [2nd ed.] Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Cavite, Philippines.

IIRRI andNRI. 1996. Imperata Management for Smallholders. Indonesian Rubber Research Institute, Natural Resources Institute (United Kingdom). Indonesia.

Lasco, R. 1997. The Naalad Improved Fallow System and its Implications to Global Warming. Poster presented at: Indigenous Strategies for Intensification of Shifting Agriculture in Southeast Asia, 23-27 June 1997, Bogor, Indonesia.

MacDicken, K. 1991. Impacts ofLeucaena leucocephala as a fallow improvement crop in shifting cultivation on the Island ofMindoro, Philippines. Forest Ecology and Management, 45 (1991) 185-192.

MacDicken, K.; K. Hairiah; A. Otsamo; B. Duguma; N. Majid. 1995. Shade-based control of Imperata cylindrica: Tree fallows and cover crops. Agroforestry Systems 36:131-149.

Margraf, J. and P. Milan. 1995. Ecology of Dipterocarp Forests of Leyte, Philippines. In: Schlte, A. (Ed.). 1995. Ecology of Dipterocarp Forests. Indonesian-German Forestry Project, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Menz, K. and P. Grist. 1997. Economic Opportunities for Smallholders to Combine Pulpwood Trees and Food Crops. Agroforestry Systems 36:221-232.

Mercado, A., D. Garrity, N. Sanchez, and L. Laput. 1997. Effect of Natural Vegetative Filter Strips Density on Crop Production and Soil Loss. Paper presented at the 1997 Federation of Crop Science Societies of the Philippines Annual Scientific Convention. Baguio City, Philippines.

Nguyen Tuan Hao, Ha Van Buy, Huynh Due Nhan, and Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy. 1997. Soil Improvement and Conservation Using Nho Nhe Bean (Phaseolus carcaratus Roxb.) in Upland Areas of Northern Vietnam: Initial Results from a Case Study. Paper presented at: Indigenous Strategies for Intensification of Shifting Agriculture in Southeast Asia, 23-27 June 1997, Bogor, Indonesia.

Roder, W.; S. Maniphone; B. Keoboulapha; and K. Farney. 1997. Fallow Improvement in Upland Rice Systems with Chromolaena odorata. Poster presented at: Indigenous Strategies for Intensification of Shifting Agriculture in Southeast Asia, 23-27 June 1997, Bogor, Indonesia.

Sangalang, J. 1995. Tree Crop-Based Systems to rehabilitate Imperata grasslands. Paper presented at: International Workshop on Agroforestry Innovations to Rehabilitate Imperata Grasslands, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, 23-27 January 1995.

Sangalang, J.; Cia, B.; Bandian, M; and Pacia, R. 1994. Development of Sustainable Agriculture Technologies for Marginal Acidic Uplands of the Philippines. Paper presented at: International Seminar on Experiences in Sustainable Agriculture in Southeast Asia. Khon Kaen, Thailand. November 9-12, 1994.

Santoso, D.; S. Adiningsih; E. Mutert; T. Fairhurst; and M. van Noordwijk. 1995. Soil fertility management for reclamation of Imperata grasslands by smallholder agroforestry. Agroforestry Systems 36:181-202.

Sri Adiningsih, J. and Mulyadi. 1993. Alternative technology for rehabilitation and utilization of alang-alang land. Pp. 29-49 in: Syarifuddin Karama et al. (Eds) Presiding Seminar Lahan Alang-alang. Pusat Penelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat, Bogor, Indonesia.

Suson, P. and D. Garrity. 1997. Pruned-tree Hedgerow Fallow Systems. Poster presented at: Indigenous Strategies for Intensification of Shifting Agriculture in Southeast Asia, 23-27 June 1997, Bogor, Indonesia.

Terry, P.; G. Adjers; I.O. Akobundo; A. Anoka; M. Drilling; S. Tjitrosemito and M. Utomo. 1997. Herbicides and mechanical control of Imperata cylindrica as a first step in grassland rehabilitation. Agroforestry Systems 36:151-179.

Tung, L. and D. Alcober. 1991. Natural Grass Strips are Preferred. ILEIA Newsletter, May 1991. Philippines.

Chapter 5: Assisted Natural Regeneration

Anon. 1996. A Philippine Response. In AF News Vol. II No. 4 August 1996, Regional Secretariat for Asian Forest Network, Manila.

Dalmacio, R. (undated). Assisted Natural Regeneration and Accelerated Pioneer-Climax Series Strategies: Emerging Ecological Approaches to Forestation.

Drilling, M. 1989. Research priorities for reforestation in Indonesia with an emphasis on Accelerated Natural Regeneration. U. S. Agency for International Development. Jakarta.

Durno, J. 1996. From "Imperata Grass Forest" to community forest: The case of Pakhasukjai. Forest, Trees and People Newsletter No. 31(4-13).

Durno, J.; T. Deetes; and J. Rajchaprasit. 1997. Natural Forest Regeneration from an Imperata fallow: the Case of Pakhasukjai. Poster presented at Indigenous Strategies for Intensification of Shifting Agriculture in Southeast Asia, 23-27 June 1997, Bogor, Indonesia.

Factoran, F. 1989. Prioritizing Application of Assisted Natural Regeneration Method in the Development of Watershed Protection and Production forests. Memorandum Circular No. 17, Series of 1989. Manila, Philippines.

Intergovernmental Panel on Forests. 1996. Considerations for Community Participation in Forest Management. In AF News Vol. II No. 4 August 1996, Regional Secretariat for Asian Forest Network, Manila, Philippines.

Jensen, C., and S. Pfeifer. 1989. Assisted Natural Regeneration: A New Reforestation Approach for DENR? An Appraisal Prepared for the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Philippines. United States Agency for International Development, Manila. 23 pp.

Kuusipalo, J.; G. Adjers; Y. Jafarsidik; A. Otsamo; K. Tuomela; R. Vuokko. 1995. Restoration of Natural Vegetation in Degraded Imperata Cylindrica Grassland: Understory Development in Forest Plantations.

Journal of Vegetation Science 6:205-210. Lansigan, F. (undated). Statistical Considerations for Data Acquisition in Assisted Natural Regeneration. Pp. 32-38 in: DENR (undated). Part I, Theoretical basis for ANR. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Quezon City, Philippines.

Margraf, J. and P. Milan. 1995. Ecology of Dipterocarp Forests of Leyte, Philippines. In: Schlte, A. (Ed.). 1995. Ecology of Dipterocarp Forests. Indonesian-German Forestry Project, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia^7.1.

Parrotta, J. 1993. Secondary Forest Regeneration on Degraded Tropical Lands: The Role of Plantations as "Foster Ecosystems." Pp. 63-73 In: Restoration of Tropical Forest Ecosystems. Eds. H. Lieth and M. Lohmann. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.

Pasicolan, P. (Unpublished). An Analysis of the Bioecological Interaction between Grazing Animals and Samanea saman Trees in Degraded Grassland Areas: A Variant of Assisted Natural Regeneration. Isabela State University, Isabela, Philippines.

PCARRD. 1982. The Philippines recommends for reforestation. Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research. Los Barios, Laguna, Philippines.

Sajise, P. (undated). Assisted Natural Regeneration Guidelines. Pp. 25-28 in: DENR (undated). Part I, Theoretical basis for ANR. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Quezon City, Philippines.

Soedjito, H., and P. Dugan. 1992. Natural Resources Management Project (NRMP): an Environmental Assessment of Forestry, Agriculture and Research Activities. Government of Indonesia - U.S. Agency for International Development, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Appendix B:
Characteristics of contour hedgerow and rotational alleycropping species

Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project. 1994. Growing multipurpose trees on small farms (2nd ed.). Winrock International. Bangkok, Thailand. 320 pp.

IIRR. 1990. Agroforestry Technology Information Kit [1st ed.]. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Cavite, Philippines.

IIRR. 1992. Agroforestry Technology Information Kit [2nd ed.]. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Cavite, Philippines.

Appendix C:
Characteristics of leguminous cover crop species

del Castillo, R., R. Dalmacio, R. Lasco, and N. Lawas, eds. 1994. Agroforestry Production and Post Production Systems: a Training Manual. University of the Philippines Agroforestry Program, Laguna, Philippines, and Kapwa Upliftment Foundation Inc., Davao City, Philippines.

Home, P. 1997. Farmer-developed forage management strategies for stabilisation of shifting cultivation systems. Paper presented at: Indigenous Strategies for Intensification of Shifting Agriculture in Southeast Asia, 23-27 June 1997, Bogor, Indonesia.

IIRR. 1992. Agroforestry Technology Information Kit [2nd ed.]. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Cavite, Philippines.

IRRI and NRI. 1996. Imperata Management for Smallholders. Indonesian Rubber Research Institute, Natural Resources Institute (United Kingdom). Indonesia.

MacDicken, K.; K. Hairiah; A. Otsamo; B. Duguma; N. Majid. 1995. Shade-based control o/Imperata cylindrica: Tree fallows and cover crops. Agroforestry Systems 36:131-149.

PROSEA. 1992. Plant Resources of Southeast Asia. Vol. 4: Forages. Plant Resources of South-East Asia Network Office. Bogor, Indonesia.

USDA Soil Conservation Service. 1994. ''Tropic Sun' sunn hemp. Program Aid Number 1555. USA.

Yost, R. and D. Evans. 1988. Green Manure and Legume Covers in the Tropics. Research Series 055. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.

Appendix D:
Site preferences of perennial fruit, nut, and resin agroforestry species

Del Castillo, R., R. Dalmacio, R. Lasco, and N. Lawas, eds. 1994. Agroforestry Production and Post Production Systems: a Training Manual. University of the Philippines Agroforestry Program, Laguna, Philippines, and Kapwa Upliftment Foundation Inc., Davao City, Philippines.

Coronel, R. 1983. Promising Fruits of the Philippines. College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines at Los Baños.

Dali, J. and A. Gintings. 1993. Car a penanaman kemiri. Informasi teknis No. 38. Pusat Penelihan da Pengembangan Hutan. Bogor, Indonesia.

Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project. 1994. Growing multipurpose trees on small farms (2nd ed.). Winrock International. Bangkok, Thailand.

Hensleigh, T. and B. Holaway, eds. 1988. Agroforestry Species for the Philippines. US Peace Corps, Washington, DC, USA.

IIRR. 1992. Agroforestry Technology Information Kit [2nd ed.]. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Cavite, Philippines.

PCARRD. 1992. The Philippines Recommends for Reforestation. Philippines Council for Agriculture and Resources Research. Laguna, Philippines.

Rosihan, R. and P. Wahid. 1990. Potensi dan sifat-sifat sumber day a iklim di sekitar Danau Singkarak untuk Pengembangan Tanaman Industri dan Perkebunan. Presiding Singkarak untuk Pengembangan Tanaman Industri dan Perkebunan. Presiding Kamunikasi Ilmiah Pengembangan Tanaman Industri dan Perkebunan pada Lahan Kristis Sekitar Danau singkarak - Sumatera Barat, Solok, 5-6 Sept. 1990.

Appendix E:
Plantation tree species suitable for Imperata suppression

Florece, L.; and J. Duma, (undated). Ecological Requirements of Forest Tree Species for ANR. In: DENR (undated). Part I, Theoretical basis for ANR. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Quezon City, Philippines.

MacDicken, K.; K. Hainah; A. Otsamo; B. Duguiria; N. Majid. 1995. Shade-based control of Imperata cylindrica; Tree fallows and cover crops. Agroforestry Systems 36:131-149.

Margraf, J. and P. Milan. 1995. Ecology of Dipterocarp Forests ofLeyte, Philippines. 21 pp. In: Schlte, A. (Ed.). 1995. Ecology of Dipterocarp Forests. Indonesian-German Forestry Project, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Oldeman, L. 1975. An agroclimate map of Java and Madura. Contributions of the Central Research Institute for Agriculture. Bogor, Indonesia 17:1-22.

Purdoc. 1982. Indonesian Forestry Abstracts: Dutch literature until about 1960. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation. Wagemngen, Netherlands.

Temnies, M 1992. Reforestation Operations Manual for Alang-alang grasslands. Enso Forest Development OY LTD and FINNIDA in cooperation with the Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia. Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia.

van So, N. 1995. Imperata grasslands in Vietnam: Typology and control. Paper presented at: International Workshop on Agroforestry Innovations to Rehabilitate Imperata Grasslands. Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. 23-27 January 1995.

Appendix F:
Simple sampling for density and species of natural regeneration.

Lansigan, F. (Undated). Exercise No. 2B: Sampling for Regenerant Density Measurement and Layout. P. 15 in: DENR (undated) Part II, Field Exercises for ANR. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Quezon City, Philippines.

Appendix G:
 Assisted Natural Regeneration labor requirements

Dalmacio, M. (undated) Assisted Natural Regeneration: A Strategy for Cheap, Fast, and Effective Regeneration of Denuded Forest Lands.

Footnote__________

⁷ Including drawings used as the basis for illustrations in Section 3.4

7.1 Including drawings used as the basis for illustrations in Section 5.2.4